Lithography suitability summary
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Foreword
Printing suitability is mainly for various needs of printing and copying quality, and various processes and technologies such as manuscript, copying, printing, processing and binding, as well as various materials, equipment, environments and related conditions involved. Requirements, in order to get the best quality of all the work.
One, the relationship between printing and fitness
(1) Letterpress printing: the impression is concave and the border around the print is felt. Suitable for small forms, business cards, envelopes, letterheads, self-adhesive stickers or sets of numbers for text or simple illustration prints.
(2) Lithography: The printed area is not convex or concave, and the printed products are meticulous and exquisite. Suitable for multi-color printing of black and white and color books, color magazines, posters, advanced letter paper, paper boxes, calendars, newspapers, etc.
(3) Gravure printing: There are two kinds, 1. Engraving intaglio--The printing line will have a slightly convex feeling when touched by hand, and the ink is thick and strong, suitable for printing of securities and banknotes. 2. Photogravure - its prints appear to have faint dot-like dots, and seem to be continuous. It is suitable for large-volume color magazines, plastic films, aluminum foil and other packaging and printing materials.
(4) stencil printing: the printed pattern is burred and the ink layer is thick. Suitable for a variety of printed objects, including flat and curved surfaces of hard and soft objects. Such as: plastic surface, large posters outside the car, printed circuit boards, partial glazing, transfer paper, fabrics, etc.
(5) Non-printing: The printing method completed by electronic technology uses dry toner and liquid ink. The former has a slightly convex shape, while the latter is similar to a lithographic plate. Suitable for small batches, medium and low quality color or color prints.
Two, the suitability of the manuscript
(1) The textual manuscript, the ideal conditions should include:
1. The writing should be clear, and the content of the manuscript should not be modified.
2. Edit complete contains editors, chapters, sections, items, etc.
3. Punctuation marks and paragraphs are complete and carefully arranged.
4. The typo and other characters have been checked and corrected.
(2) The draft form, the ideal conditions should include:
1. The lines are clear and the numbers are correct.
2. The decimal point should be aligned correctly.
3. The color of negative numbers or special texts and numbers should be clearly marked.
(3) Drawings such as charcoal paintings, Chinese paintings, oil paintings or watercolor paintings,
The ideal conditions should include:
1. The level is clear and the harmony is harmonious.
2. The color is normal and the texture is good.
3. The theme is correct and the performance is natural.
4. If the original painting is too large, it must be turned into a positive film or a photo. The color should be the same as the original painting.
(4) Positive film or photo draft, the ideal conditions should include:
1. The exposure is correct and the concentration is good.
2. The image is sharp and beautiful.
3. The contrast is appropriate and the level is rich.
4. Good composition and good resolution.
Three, the adaptability of replication technology
(1) Text re-printing: Due to the different types of manuscripts, they are printed on coated paper, written on mould paper, or written on burrs or other papers, and their reflectivities are different. Special attention must be paid to revision exposure time when copying. Secondly, the visual effect of the naked eye and the reproduction of the plate-making camera will also cause some differences, and it often takes time and experience to do a good job.
(2) Black and white scanning network: Since the concentration field of the original can not be matched with the scanner, special attention must be paid when passing the net, especially the concentration field and curve value (or gamma value) from bright to dark, or bright Both tonal and dark-tone photos are subject to considerable quality differences due to the operator's skill. Therefore, when adjusting, it is advisable to pay attention to the difference in quality between the original and the copy, and it is not difficult to obtain an ideal replica.
(3) Scanning color separation: Color control and gray balance control, as well as control and adjustment of the light department and sub-light department, require some experience to be done well. Sometimes it is difficult to do local color correction, and it takes a lot of work experience to be handy.
(4) Manual imposition: Before the imposition, we must first consider the binding method. Because the binding method is different, the number and order of imposition will be different, but the order of glue, hardcover and paperback is the same, but it is reserved. The distance between the backs is different. Before binding, you must decide the binding method to match the layout and layout. In the collage, you need a whole page of a single page. You can't cut it in the film to avoid streaking during printing. This situation is not easy to find during plate making. When it is printed on the machine, it is repaired with chemical liquid. Or grinding with a pumice pen is not only a waste of time, but also damages the layout, and sometimes other problems arise.
(5) Computer group page: Although this equipment is the latest, many small and medium-sized factories have no ability to purchase such expensive equipment except for a few large-scale factories. Although it is fast in operation, it cannot be modified after outputting the film. Otherwise, the film must be re-released, which will increase the production cost. Therefore, in China, it is only used to make a small version, instead of using it to make a large version, the large version still uses manual imposition. Since this operation relies on computer devices, the input, storage, editing, calculation, output, and auxiliary devices are different in system software, but the basic principles are similar.
Four, the suitability of printing technology
Lithography is very different from other layouts. Other layouts are mostly direct printing, which is the physical printing method in which the printing plate is in direct contact with the paper or the printed body. The lithograph is a chemical printing method that uses the principle of mutual exclusion between water and ink. Therefore, the suitability of other technologies is quite different from other layouts.
(1) Stacking paper: It should be noted that the vertical and horizontal flow of the paper cannot be mixed and piled together. The whole pile must have a consistent flow of silk. Otherwise, the color of the printed product will change due to the expansion and contraction of the paper, and the product quality will not be consistent.
(2) Ink balance: Since the lithographic printing machine must have a wetting system to supply the water. There are three types of systems: 1. Traditional water systems. 2. Semi-alcohol system. 3. Continuous alcohol system. In order to average the amount of water and ink distributed on the plate, an appropriate ratio adjustment is required to obtain the best print quality. When there is too much ink, it will cause the layout pollution, too little will make the line painting not printed or incomplete. Too much water will lighten the ink, which in turn will cause the ink on the plate to be stained with ink. The use of alcohol systems should pay attention to the composition and proportion of alcohol, which also has a great impact on quality. These are quite important tasks in lithographic operations, but as long as they actually work for a while, they will be handy.
(3) Powder spraying: There are two kinds of powder spraying devices: 1. General type. 2. Electrostatic type. Regardless of the type used, the main function is still to apply a thin layer of powder to the dry ink to keep a little distance from the paper stacked on it, so as to avoid counter printing. However, the quality of the powder and the amount of powder to be sprayed must be paid special attention. Poor quality or too much dusting will cause poor ink transfer, insufficient ink color, and poor print quality in the next overprint or back printing. Too little dusting will cause the upper and lower papers to stick together and the prints to be reversed.
(4) Indoor temperature, humidity and airflow: These are also the main factors affecting the printing quality. Although it is not directly related to the technology, if the temperature, humidity and airflow change above and on the side of the printing machine, the layout will be made. Water is not easy to control. In the past, because the air-conditioning vent was at the upper left of the printing press, the airflow on one side of the printing plate was larger than the other side. Therefore, on the side of the large airflow, the water content of the printing plate was easier to dry, and the work of balancing the ink and water was difficult to achieve. Printing technicians are very troubled and cannot get good print quality.
Five, the suitability of post-press processing
(1) Post-processing: The surface finish after printing is: water-based PVA. This is an early method with good transparency, good moisture resistance and water resistance, but it must use solvent-resistant ink, which is rarely used now. At present, UV glazing and enamel PP, OPP plastic film, etc. are commonly used.
The film has small stretchability, good stiffness, no need to use high heat and high pressure, single-sided and double-sided enamel, and does not need to pay too much attention to the drying problem of the ink, so it is the most popular way at this stage. It has a smooth surface and a matte surface, each with its own different feelings and effects. Generally speaking, advanced book covers, book clothes, and Chinese paintings are mostly made of matte. Bright books are used in books and magazines that highlight color effects and bright and lively. Thinner papers can cause curling as a disadvantage when humidity changes. Another hot stamping process should be carefully considered before or after glazing. After gilding, the glazing has a protective effect, so that the gold foil is not easy to be worn off, but the gloss is poor. If you glaze first, then bronzing sometimes It is not easy to adhere after UV glazing, which must be considered in advance.
(2) Binding: Although there are many types of binding, the commonly used ones are hardcover, paperback, saddlery, threading, and plastic. The various bindings have different characteristics, and the binding process must pay attention to the requirements of the processing machinery. Prepare everything and start smoothly. Otherwise, there will be a lot of unnecessary post-order problems, such as folding alignment, folding order, extension of binding time, and unsatisfactory homework. In the case of hardcover, it is necessary to pay attention to the paper and the paste material, and whether it will fall off due to poor absorption of the material after the paste, and more attention should be paid to whether it will be affected by weather changes and its quality and the dryness after the paste. The glued books should pay more attention to the quality of the hot melt glue, otherwise the inner page and the cover will fall off due to the coldness of the sky.
Six, the suitability of the finished product
(1) Posters: mostly single-piece prints. The requirements for the use of paper should be that it is not easy to stretch, and the ink used should not be easily faded. Because it is mostly hung in the lobby, it is easy to be exposed to the wind, it is best to slap a layer of PP after printing is completed Or OPP The film is protected, which not only enhances the color brightness, but also makes the surface less susceptible to damage. It also has the opportunity to prevent ultraviolet radiation and reduce fading.
(2) Catalogue: Its main function is to express the characteristics and advantages of the product, so the aesthetic appearance is the most important condition. Such prints must be made of high-grade paper, beautiful color pictures, exquisite design, careful processing and binding, so that the reader can enjoy it at a glance.
(3) Magazine: It is a reading material for the public. Sometimes there are certain objects. The papers used are mostly coated paper. The printing methods are mostly lithographs. The binding methods are mostly saddle stitches, while thick books have other methods. There are also time and quality requirements when making.
(4) Books: divided into threaded paperback and hardcover books, threaded and flat-loaded for schools, general novels and other books. Hardcover is more focused on advanced books, dictionaries, etc. In order to adapt to its long-term preservation characteristics, it must be straighter in the direction of the long side of the trade.
(5) Form: It is often multi-connected. At present, there are more non-carbon papers, which can avoid the use of carbon paper as its main advantage, but non-carbon paper has the points of paper, medium paper and paper, and the paper is used for the upper layer. Medium paper for the middle layer and lower paper for the lower layer. You must pay attention to the layer of paper when you use it. If the paper is used in the upper layer, there is no copy function.
Seven, material suitability
(1) Selection of printing plates: There are many types of printing plates, which can be divided into: 1. The plates are divided into aluminum, zinc, stone, resin, nylon, cardboard and glass. 2. The structure is divided into single layer, double layer and multiple layers. 3. The plate making method is divided into manual, transfer, optical, and electronic. 4. The shape is divided into flat convex, flat, and concave. 5. The grinding method is divided into ball milling, brush grinding, chemical grinding, electronic chemical grinding, and sand blasting. 6. The layout is divided into chemical and anode. 7. The film coating method is divided into self-coating, machine coating and pre-coating. 8. The coated surface of the light film is divided into one side and two sides. 9. The printing plate is divided into positive and negative. 10. The film processing method is divided into film type and film type. 11. The printing machine uses 11 categories including proofing machine, fast machine, sheet machine, rotary machine and transaction printing machine. From the above, there are quite a few types. In fact, the printing plates used by many lithographic printing factories in Taiwan are only pre-coated and positive-type, generally referred to as the PS version. The quality printed with this type of plate is quite high, and the plate making process is simple, as long as it is automatically processed in a plate processor, it can be completed in a few minutes. However, there are still a few home-style printing houses that use zinc or aluminum plates to make a plate that is printed exclusively for a small number of books.
(2) Choice of paper: There are three choices of type, quality and weight. In terms of types, there are
1. printing papers: securities paper, printing paper, magazine paper, news paper, mold paper, coated paper, Bible paper, and Daolin paper.
2. Writing paper: book paper, book paper, miscellaneous paper, type paper, card paper, drawing paper.
3. Picture paper: watercolor paper, special paper, ordinary paper, charcoal paper, sea drawings.
4. Packaging paper: kraft paper, sulphuric acid paper, match paper, rustproof paper, cigarette paper, fruit paper, sulfuric acid paper, cellophane, wax paper.
4. Filter paper: chemical analysis paper, insulating paper.
5. Absorbing paper: blotting paper, carbon paper, napkin, toilet paper.
6. Specially processed paper: back carbon base paper, sensitized base paper, fiber paper.
7. Cardboard: seven categories of yellow cardboard, white cardboard, core cardboard, corrugated cardboard, ticket cardboard, and construction cardboard.
Seeing that there are so many kinds of above, I really don't know how to make choices at a time. It is not difficult, because most of the most commonly used are the first type of Daolin paper, mold paper and coated paper. In terms of quality selection, Daolin paper has all-wood forest, ivory forest, white Daolin and color road forest paper. The mold paper has white mold, beige mold and color paper. Coated paper has mirror copper plate, super-light double copper, special double copper, double-sided copper plate, single-sided copper plate, snow copper plate and cloth coated paper. There are also choices such as printed paper, magazine paper, calendar paper and advanced seasoning paper. In fact, only a few of them are often contacted.
(3) The weight of the paper: There are two commonly used weighting methods--1. The basis weight is more common in the world. It is the weight of one meter square paper placed on the electronic balance, in grams. , that is, gsm, or "Mai Ping". 2. Make the weight, the weight weighed by a 500-piece paper, that is, pounds/order. In the domestic and the above two are used, but for the sake of convenience, the use of the basis weight is more convenient, so that the same thickness of paper is different in the 31 × 43" pounds and 25 × 35" pounds, often easy to mess. Most papers have a basis weight of 60-100 gsm, coated papers range from 80-190 gsm, and mold papers have as low as 45 gsm. Just use the purpose, purpose, function, and characteristics before use. Not difficult.
(4) Relationship between paper and humidity: First of all, we must know that the paper is contained
99% moisture, 0.5 to 1% of a slurry of cellulose, filler and gum, referred to as pulp, and then sent to the paper machine, the pulp is placed on the moving wire mesh through a long funnel Most of the water is filtered out, and the excess water is squeezed out by hot pressing and dried to make paper. After the above brief description, you can know that the paper has a "net surface and a non-mesh surface", the mesh surface is thicker, and the non-mesh surface is flat. At the same time, there will be a "silk flow", that is, the arrangement of the fibers in the direction of the strip, which directly affects the paper, and the phenomenon of bending after the damp is closely related to the binding of the book. If the filament of the paper runs along the long side, the edge of the book will be straight, otherwise it will be extremely flexible.
(5) Selection of ink: The lithographic printing ink is mostly transparent four primary color inks. There are not many choices in color printing, and most of them are gold and silver. On the contrary, it has more selectivity in color printing, and in special printing, it will have various choices due to certain special requirements, such as: fluorescent ink, pearl ink, desensitizing ink, magnetic ink, ultraviolet ink and so on. There are also transparent and opaque ink points. Nowadays, many large printing houses use large-capacity four-color transparent inks, and use high-pressure pump automatic conveying tubes to send ink directly to the printing machine. The staff will not be too troublesome and do not need to adjust the ink. It's easy.
Eight, the suitability of the equipment
(1) Prepress equipment: At present, the prepress area is almost entirely computerized. There are many types of equipment used, and the place of production is different. There are Japan, Germany, Britain, Denmark, Israel and other producing countries. Of course, there are easy to operate and more complicated. Many of the simple tasks are automatically calculated by the computer, and the quality is not necessarily poor. Complex manual operations and more quality changes can achieve more complex requirements.
(2) Printing equipment: At present, many automated printing plates, computerized inks, and register remote control devices have been used. Therefore, most of the work can be completed as long as the operation is performed on the console, so that the quality of the printed products is more beautiful.
(3) Post-press and processing equipment: Most of them are electronic and micro-computerized, and the adjustment work of the staff is also less and less. Many of them are automatically calculated by computer, so the effect is high and the quality is good for modern equipment.
Nine, Environmental suitability
(1) Lighting conditions: 1. Lighting standard - 204.4 +/- 43.6 呎 candlelight. 2. Light source color temperature - 5,000 degrees K for viewing originals, 7,500 degrees K for color comparison when printing. 3. Color rendering index - 90-100. 4. Lighting geometry - should minimize the reflection of the surrounding walls. 5. Transmission illumination standard - 409 +/- 88 呎 波 wave (intensity unit of light source).
(2) Wall color: It should be based on the principle of bright gray, medium dark blue or green, etc. It is not suitable to use warm colors such as red, orange and yellow. Because the latter is easy to make the staff feel irritated, it is also easy to feel aversion to work.
(3) Temperature control: The temperature in the lithographic workplace must be controlled between 23-25 degrees Celsius, so that personnel can work and operate various machines and equipment in a comfortable and ideal environment, and also extend the life of the machine.
(4) Humidity control: the humidity in the lithographic workplace must be maintained at
Between RH55-60%, excessive humidity in the air will lead to unstable product quality, easy failure of electronic devices, easy folding of paper, deformation of processing and binding, sensitization of photosensitive materials and photographic lenses. These problems will affect the effect, increase production costs and so on.
(5) Air quality: The air quality in the working environment does not mean the installation of air-conditioning devices, but in addition to the control of the temperature and humidity of the air, it is more important to introduce an appropriate amount of fresh air into the room and replace the fresh air in the room. . Nowadays, many separate air-conditioners only use the air in the room to be cold and have no ventilation function. This will easily cause indoor air pollution, which will lead to staff discomfort, dizziness and infection of the upper respiratory tract.
(6) Wastewater treatment: Some chemicals will be used in the lithographic workshop, so a little waste water will be generated, which will have to be properly treated to avoid environmental problems.
(7) Voice control: The voice that a person can endure is about 80 decibels. In the printing workplace, the places where the sound is easy to produce are mostly printing rooms. Therefore, the personnel working in this environment must pay attention to the maximum limit of the voice. It is better to be below 75 decibels. In some print yards, when using commercial rotary presses, separate compartments are used and sound-absorbing panels are placed on the ceiling to absorb most of the noise and meet environmental requirements.
(8) Storage environment: In addition to the temperature and humidity, the storage of materials should also pay attention to the handling conditions. Improper handling and unsuitable items will damage even if there is a good storage environment. Therefore, the most important principle should be the validity period, especially various chemicals.
Ten, Printing and paper related
(1) Poster: usually used from 100 pounds to 180
Pound single or double-coated coated paper, in eight-open (B4), four-open, split, chrysanthemum or full-open form.
(2) Leaflets: 60 to 150 pounds of single or double coated paper, 32 (B6), 16 (B5), 16 (A5), 8 (B4) or 8 (A4) form.
(3) Instructions: 100 pounds to 180 pounds of double-coated coated paper, into the chrysanthemum 16 open (A5), 32 open (B6) chrysanthemum eight open (A4), 16 open (B5), single, double, three to six fold The form of the booklet.
(4) Catalogue: 100 pounds to 300 pounds of double-optical copper plate or other paper, into the form of a daisy (A4), 16 (B5) single, or folded.
(5) Books: 60-pound to 150-pound double-copper plate, molded, or Daolin paper, 32 open (B6), 16 open (B5), chrysanthemum 16 open (A5), eight open (B4) or chrysanthemum Open (A4) form.
(6) Magazine: 60-pound to 150-pound double-copper, Dowling, or stenciled paper, 32 open (B6), 16 open (B5), chrysanthemum 16 open (A5), eight open (B4) or chrysanthemum Eight open (A4) form.
(7) Calendar: 60 lbs to 200 lbs of double-coated coated paper, from 64 to off.
(8) Packing: 60 pounds to 200 pounds of cowhide, molded, double-coated coated paper, depending on the package content.
(9) Others: Newspapers are white newspapers, self-adhesive stickers have double-optical copper plate, mold paper, PVC, OPP A variety of materials.
Eleven, the connection between printing and life
1. Cheque: Engraved gravure (Maitou), sheet lithography (shading), letterpress (flow number, magnetic number).
2. Calendar: Zhang page lithography.
3. Towel: Screen printing.
4. Fruit: inkjet printing.
5. Toothpaste: Rubber letterpress printing.
6. Toothbrush handle: hot stamping gold foil.
7. Fabric: Screen printing.
8. Tickets: Sheets are lithographic for shading, border printing, and letterpress printing for serial numbers.
9. Stock: Sheet lithograph for border, shading printing, letterpress for dark printing, computer laser printer for shareholder name, barcode and other printing.
10. Credit card, withdrawal card: lithographic card printing or stencil printing, and embossing printing
11. Cigarette: Letterpress printing.
12. Cigarette box: sheet lithography, rotogravure printing.
13. Paper cup: rubber letterpress printing.
14. Carton: Most of the color is rubber letterpress printing, and the color is mostly lithographic printing.
15. Newspaper: Rotary lithography.
16. Notebook: Sheet or Rotary Lithography.
17. Marriage card: hot stamping, silver or printing in letterpress, lithography, screen printing, etc.
18. Stickers: letterpress or screen.
19. Banknotes: engraved gravure printed borders, sheet lithographic shading, letterpress printing serial number.
20. Plastic bag, aluminum foil bag: rotogravure.
21. Christmas Card: Sheet lithography.
22. Computer Report Paper: Transaction lithography or transaction resin letterpress printing.
23. Circuit board: screen printing.
24. Hardcover book cover: hot stamping, copperplate printing, lithographic color printing, and later glazing processing.
25. Nameplate: Photographic dyeing, corrosion lacquering.
26. Wallpaper: printing methods such as rubber letterpress, screen, lithography or rotogravure.
27. Surface: Pad Printing.
28. Napkin: Rubber letterpress printing.
29. Magazine: The lithography is printed on a small page with a small circulation, and the rotary lithography or photo-rotary gravure printing at a large circulation.
Conclusion
The suitability of printing is holistic in the factory, not the work that several people or a certain unit can successfully complete. The first condition is that everyone must have a fairly common understanding from top to bottom. Complete communication and planning in advance, although there will be differences in practice due to differences in financial resources and environment. Sometimes, when you start, you will feel unusually complicated. There is no feeling and trouble with no clue. In fact, as long as you concentrate on research and earnestly implement it, you will put everything you have done in the record and discuss it regularly. Clever. Generally speaking, when setting goals, it is not advisable to set too many items at once. It may be useful to set a few preliminary goals first. After an item is successfully reached and everyone's confidence increases, the project will gradually increase and the executives will be more willing and enthusiastic. To complete other more projects, and to achieve a positive and benign response.