Type and characteristics of printing
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There are many printing methods, different methods, different operations, and different printing effects. Traditionally used printing methods can be mainly divided into: letterpress, There are four major categories of lithography, gravure and stencil printing.
Relief Printing
Where the printed surface is prominent, and the non-printed portion is concave, it is called relief printing. The relief printing includes both a letterpress and a rubber version.
Letterpress
The typography is developed from the early clay type and woodcut type and lead-cast type, and most of the modern times are mainly typesetting.
This printing method is a type of direct printing because it is printed directly on paper by a printing plate.
The printing plate used for letterpress printing, except for the text part, which uses typesetting, other special characters or patterns, pictures, etc.
The plate method is made into a zinc plate (commonly known as an electrotype), and recently developed into a nylon offset plate to improve the printing effect of the dot. Generally, the version of the typographic printing is flat, but in some cases, the flat printing plate needs to be copied into a curved lead plate, which can be loaded with a reel type rotation.
On the embossing machine, for a large number of printing, such as newspapers.
In addition to printing picture text, typography with some accessories, you can also print the embossed printed surface pattern, you can cut the printed surface (popular It is called a beer sample) and printed as a pinhole line for tearing paper and a digital word for automatic indexing.
Rubber printing (Flexgraphy)
Rubber printing is similar to typography. The difference is that the printing plate is a piece of soft rubber, like a glue used for stamping. Ink and gravure printing used Similar, high volatility and thin, used to print adhesive tape and plastic bags.
The method of plate making is divided into three steps: First, the graphic is first made into an electrotype for the letterpress. Second, the use of bakelite similar hard rubber heating pressure in the above On the electrotype, the printing plate of the hard block is printed. Third, also on this negative mold with another soft glue heated on the negative mold, made and the first step The same offset printing plate as the original electrotype.
Various types of adhesive tape, such as cellophane, P, V, C glue, Polyester, Acetate, etc.Materials with no absorption and penetrating ink properties on the surface can be printed on it. Suitable for printing plastic bags, hand pumping, size plastic packaging. But this printing The method of printing fine points and lines is not as good as offset and typography, so the picture should pay attention to emphasize the big effect.
Lithography (Planography)
Basic principles of lithography
Lithography was developed by the early lithographic printing. The early lithographic printing of the plate was applied after grinding with stones, and then improved to metal. The zinc plate or aluminum plate is a plate, but the principle is the same.
There is no difference between the printed part and the non-printed part, that is, it is flat, and the printed part is kept by the principle of water-oil mixing. A layer of oil-rich oil film, the non-printed part of the plate can absorb the appropriate moisture, after the ink on the plate, the printed part Repels the moisture and absorbs the ink, while the non-printed part absorbs the water to form an anti-ink effect. The method of printing by this method is called "Lithography".
After the development of lithography from the early lithography, lithography has its own unique personality in plate making and printing, and it is also extremely simple in operation and low in cost. It is cheap, so it has been continuously researched and improved by experts in modern times, and it has become the most used method in printing today.
Lithographic method
The lithographic method is developed from the early lithographic transfer method, and is depicted on the transfer paper and then falls on the plate to become the reverse grain, and then printed. It is a regular pattern on the paper. Because of the pressure exerted by this method during printing, the lithographic plate which is originally a flat plate (ie, printed and non-printed lines Part is flat), after the pressure is applied, the ink on the plate is diffused and expanded, resulting in poor drawing, so Later, the improvement was called offset printing. The printing method was to make the layout into a positive pattern, and the printing was transferred to the eraser. The reverse is printed on the cylinder, and the reverse printing is applied to the paper as a positive grain, so that the elasticity of the printing pressure can be improved.
The early lithography was a lithographic flat-press type, and later developed into a lithographic round-press type and a round-plate type, and most of the lithographic presses were made. It is used in special printing, such as a proofing machine for proofing. As for the printing machine, the machine is all rounded. Flat plate type That is to say, the printing plate is laid flat, and the pressure part is a drum type cylinder. This printing method is similar to the lithographic circular pressing machine in letterpress printing.The circular version of the round type is to wrap the printing plate on the drum as the plate, and the other roller on the machine is wrapped with the rubber called the rubber tube.The drum is a type of cylinder, and the machine of the three basic drums is called an "offset printing machine".