A Xinhai experience of a poor man in Beijing
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Mr. Lao She is a Beijing flag man, Manchu, born in the twenty-third day of Guangxu twenty-five years (February 3, 1899), when there was more than 12 years from the 1911 Revolution. At the time of his birth, there was a major event in China, the coup of the Wuxu, and the reform of the New Deal initiated by Emperor Guangxu was abruptly defeated by the opposition party. The little light that had just taken off in Chinese society was completely extinguished. The ancient kingdom of the East has once again fallen into a darkness, and the whole society is in turmoil, cultivating a big change. The Yihe Boxing Movement broke out in the rural areas of Shandong. In the second year, the Eight-Power Allied Forces marched into Beijing. This series of major events, one after another, also fell on the Lao She family. That year he was only one year old.
Lao She’s father, Shu Yongshou, is a flag soldier. He belongs to Zhenghongqi. He lives in the Xiaoyanghuan Hutong near Xizhimen in Beijing. When he is not bright every day, he has to go to the Imperial City to be in charge of the patrol and guard the imperial city. He has a "waist card", which is equivalent to the passport to enter the city today. Hanging on the waist with a small piece of wood, with the words "face yellow no need", this is his facial features, there were no photos at that time.
Fail to raise the gun
When the Eight-Power Allied Forces attacked Beijing, in August and September of 1900, the Empress Dowager Cixi fled to Xi'an with the Emperor Guangxu, but the soldiers in the defending city did not know that they were still doing the desperate resistance and sticking to the cities in the Beijing Wall. On the door.
Shu Yongshou is guarding the front door of Beijing. The front door is the south gate of Beijing City, called Zhengyangmen. On the central axis of the city, behind Tiananmen Square and the Royal Palace. Zhengyangmen has Yucheng, and the front is the arrow tower, which is the front line that protrudes directly to the front. Shu Yongshou’s defensive position is here. The firearms he used with his comrades were behind the guns, not the guns owned by the opponent. The gun is very heavy. The barrel made of cast iron is very long. It requires two people to operate at the same time. One person carries the barrel in front and the other person shoots at the back. The explosive used is still black powder, which is powdery and used. It is very troublesome. First, the explosives are poured in from the mouth of the gun, and then the bullets are loaded, and then fired. When filling explosives into the barrel, black gunpowder will inevitably be scattered, which is dangerous. A Mars will burn and run. The invaders responsible for attacking Zhengyangmen are Japanese troops. They are well aware of the weaknesses of Chinese military firearms, so they use "burning bullets" in addition to ordinary shells. A shell was hit, and the wall was a sea of fire. Shu Yongshou was severely burned and retired from the city.
He climbed hard through Tiananmen Square, followed West Chang'an Street and then west, and went to Nanchang Street and then north. This is the direction of going home. When I arrived at Xihuamen, I could no longer move forward. I saw a grain shop on the west side of the street called "Nanhengyu". Half of the door was hidden. The owner had already escaped and climbed in to hide. When the time was long, the enemy troops broke into the city, and the troops in front of us collapsed and passed by. A soldier came in to find water and found someone on the ground. Hey, it was "Yong Ye." They know each other, or relatives, who are called Fuhai Erge, the second son of Yongshou’s wife. Fuhai's second brother insisted on carrying the injured aunt to go home. Yongshou refused. He couldn't talk, and squatted with a pair of cloth socks and a pair of trousers belts that had been taken off due to swollen legs, indicating that Fuhai would hurry and run fast and go home to report. Fuhai was helpless and cried and left. After the family knew the news, the city had been in chaos. The Eight-Power Allied Forces burned and plundered, raped women, and went door-to-door to search for nothing. Lao She’s mother’s small yard was not spared, and she came in and out of the invading army. The rhubarb dog rushed to the nursing home and was stabbed to death. The invading army entered the house and rummaged through the cabinet. After they left, the mother who was kneeling in the corner of the court quickly entered the house, only to see a box being buckled on the little baby on the pit. Fortunately, the younger son was alive and still asleep. As long as he cried, he might have to suffer the same fate as the big yellow dog. After the situation in the city subsided a little, the family hurriedly hired a big car to go to the Xihuamennan Hengyu Grain Store to find the injured father. But he is no longer there. He has completely disappeared. The family cried. No way, I had to use a small wooden box with the pair of cloth socks and trousers, and the birth of a character, buried the head of the family Shu Yongshou. The graveyard was chosen in a small corner outside Mingguang Village outside Deshengmen, Beijing.
Since then, Lao She and his mother have lived together and spent his childhood in the Xiaoyang circle.
Cold crescent
After his father’s death, his name went to the second year of the Gengzi Jingshi’s tracing, on the seventh page of the fourth volume:
"The Guards... Yongshou... In July of the last year, in Tianan and other gates, they were stationed on the 21st, and they were killed by the enemy, etc.... Yongshou... they all took care of the death of the military academy." A total of fifteen sacrificial guards were listed on this list, and Yongshou ranked eighth in the middle. The date of his death should be the Gregorian calendar August 15, 1900.
The pension that the mother received was actually a halved money for the army. At this time, the national transport was not good enough, and it was not able to be distributed on time. The money that was handed was also insufficiently colored, and the amount of gold was greatly reduced. The mother’s burden is very heavy. In addition to her first-year-old son, she has two unmarried grand daughters and another son who is eight years old, and a big aunt lives with them. Mothers can only rely on others to wash clothes, make up clothes, and do work to maintain their livelihood. In Lao She’s memory, the mother’s hands are always red and swollen, and the skin is extremely rough. It is appropriate to use the back of her hand to tickle the child. Unfortunately, she does not dare to fatigue her. The mother was often smothered by the clothes from the shop guys, but she never rested, until she was still holding a small oil lamp to fill the gap in the middle of the night. The mother's maiden name is Ma, who lives in the farmhouse near the Tuen Mun Yanshu in Beitucheng, a suburb of Beijing. She herself is an illiterate Manchu woman who is very strong and hardworking. Her inner strength, integrity and outward appearance and enthusiasm have always affected her descendants, melting their blood and casting their character. She is Lao She's illiterate life mentor. The most sorrowful thing for her is that whenever I receive the money, I don’t know how to distribute these poor money. It’s still the debt of last month, or arrange the chewing valley next month. She sat in the pit and divided the copper coins into two. One was to pay the debts. The ones that were intended to be used for the next month's expenses, and turned over, were not enough. Suddenly, I have paid debts, and I have no debts. But what to do next month, I can only drink the northwest wind, it is difficult. On the wall outside the mother's street, there are two rows of signs marked with tiles. Each of the five lanes is a group, which is quite like a chicken melon. At the end of the month, the amount of chicken seeds is paid back. One group is the account of buying biscuits. The other group is the account for buying water. At that time, there was no running water in the courtyard. Everyone ate well water and sent it from house to house. Every time you pick a water, you can draw a mark on the wall, and then check it out at the end of the month. The mother only lets the water and the sesame cake have a relationship with the "chicken melon", and no other consumption is allowed.
Lao She is not congenitally born, and her mother's milk is not enough. He grew up by eating "cakes." He often joked that even when he grew up, he was always "a scorpion."
Old people can't talk when they are three years old, and adults are worried about this thin child. He couldn't walk even when he was three years old. He would sit in the pit forever. He couldn't make a sound, he was very embarrassed. Give him a small group of broken cotton, or a small piece of noodles, you can play for a long time. He didn't have a toy like that when he was four or five years old. Occasionally, I found a few muddy mud masks and a red-colored sheepbarrow in Xiaonanwu. This is the only little game he has ever had. The rest is the green locust that lays down on the big banyan tree outside the courtyard wall - "hanging ghost", which is a living toy that he does not have to pay for.
Mother sometimes takes her younger son to go outside the city to give her father a grave. It is a long way to go. On the way, the mother will buy some hot chestnuts for him to eat. Soon the graveyard, the mother put down her son, and cried with her own grave, crying very sad. There are only a few crows around, and occasionally a few unpleasant tweets are horrifying. A small breeze blew the unburned paper money into the sky. The sky was getting darker, the mother was a little scared, and she took her little son back. The crescent moon climbed into the sky, and the gloomy wilderness was cold. The younger son looked up at the sky on the mother's back, and the crescent moon was followed, flashing cold, pale and pale. The mother and the child did not speak a word, but the heart was sad because of loneliness, and the silence became more and more around. The crescent moon stopped forever in the heart and became a long-term symbol of a poor childhood.
Sell peanuts? go to school?
Mr. Lao She spent most of his life not loving New Year, not loving his birthday, because whenever he remembered his childhood, he remembered his poor mother. At that time, the New Year was a pass for the mother, and it was a very difficult time.
When I was young, he often saw people on the street busy for the New Year, and then ran back to report to the mother, who bought the firecrackers, who invited a honey, higher than the table, who is licking the meat Stuffing dumplings. At this time, the mother will calmly say to him: "We don't compare with others, don't worry, we will also make dumplings, and the dumplings that we pack are the best, although we have less meat."
Mothers are smart and strong, and they are unambiguous about the etiquette they can do. She will sift the ash surface of the furnace very thinly, use it to wipe the corners of the furniture on the short legs of the short legs, and rub it brightly. It will also hang a old painting "Wang Yizhi Goose" that I do not know how to save it. Come out and light a little red candle. However, in the end there is not much delicious and fun, the mother and son went to bed early, listening to the sound of other people's firecrackers gradually falling asleep.
This year, Lao She is very sad and unwilling to live.
Therefore, he later said that he was born to be a pessimist.
In this way, when he was seven years old, he should go to school as usual. However, the mother is very guilty and has no money. At that time, going to school was a matter of counting money. The mother had already calculated it, and let the younger son pick up a small basket on the street to sell peanuts and do small business. If you are a little older, send him to the shop as an apprentice, learn a craft, and perhaps feed yourself, not starve to death.
Just at this time, suddenly one day, there was a big movement in the small alley, and a noble person came to the front and came to the old mother to say that there was something to do. This is Liu Shoumian, a yellow belt, a nobleman of the Manchus, a prominent ancestor, a three-generation single pass, to his generation, a property of Zhongguang Real Estate. If you arrange his house, the length can be equivalent to Xizhimen Street. Half of the street. This son is younger than Lao She’s mother and calls her “big sister”. Lao She’s great-grandmother once helped the hostess of Liu’s family and accompanied Liu’s family to Yunnan. Therefore, the descendants have maintained some contacts. Although they are not close, they have not completely forgotten. Liu Shoumian wears silk satin and eats delicious food. He spends his days doing nothing, idle, but others are not bad, his heart is good, he loves to do good deeds, and he has the reputation of “Liu Shanren” on the street. He has a female doll and is the same age as Lao She. When the female doll was going to school, she suddenly remembered that Shujia had a little boy who should go to school. He came to help and shouted at the door: "Big sister, let me bring your child to school!" He told his mother that everything was Without her worry, he will send a textbook, will be sent to make a cloth of clothing, will take the child to school. It turned out that he had a private school, invited the teacher, and had a special place to teach the children of his children and friends.
In this way, Lao She accidentally entered the school and embarked on a road to become an intellectual. Although the future is still full of thorns, it is still difficult, but he is too fond of studying, young and determined not to leave the book.
He is happy to fly.
Sure enough, the next day, Liu Dashu took his little hand and sent him into a private school.
This private residence is located in Zhengjue Temple, which is halfway away from home. The hutong is also named after the temple. At that time, it was a Taoist temple. In it, there was a large hall, which was turned into a private residence of Liu. Lao She studied here for a year and got a primary enlightenment education. Mr. Lao She remembers the kindness of Liu Shanren throughout his life. Later, Liu Shoumian really went out of the house. When he became a monk, he took all his possessions and relieved the poor. He became a well-known Dade sorghum in Beijing, and the law was "Zhouyue Master." In the middle of the Anti-Japanese War, he died in Guangji Temple in Beiping. The news reached the rear, and Mr. Lao She, who was far away from Chongqing, immediately wrote a mourning article full of emotions. At the end of the article, Mr. Lao She wrote:
"Without him, I may not go to school for a lifetime. Without him, I may never think of any fun and meaning to help others. Did he really become a Buddha? I don't know. But I do believe him. My heart and words and deeds are similar to those of Buddhism. I have received his benefits in spirit and materially. Now I really want him to be a Buddha, and I hope that he will guide me to goodness with the Buddha's heart, just like twenty-five years ago. He took me to the private school!
He is the master of the month. ”
Things in the world are often so clever. It’s a coincidence that it’s not a book.
Teacher
After leaving the private school, Lao She went to two regular primary schools in succession, and finally graduated from the higher primary school of the 13th Primary School of Jingshi, located in the grass factory of Xizhimen South. Then I was admitted to Beijing No. 3 Middle School in Zujia Street.
It was at this time that the Revolution of 1911 broke out.
The Revolution of 1911 is good and bad for the flag people in Beijing. Fortunately, the feudal monarchy was ended, and the system of binding the banner people was ended. They also used freedom. The bad thing was that they broke their source of life. There was no “hardcore crop”, no bureaucratic money, and it was completely Make a living. However, the vast majority of Manchu Banner people are employed as soldiers for generations. They will not and do not allow other technologies. Once they have no bureaucratic money, they will only be hungry. Therefore, the vast majority of Manchus suddenly became the poor after the Revolution of 1911 and fell to the bottom of society. Among them are Lao She’s mother and her family.
Mother is an honest man with dignity. She went to work as a coworker, became a maid, and gave a meal to the school's female teacher to help with chores. However, she is completely unable to support her child to continue school.
Lao She went to school at noon to eat at home, opened the lid, and looked at the empty space in the pot. He did not say anything, turned his head and left without a word, and went to the afternoon class with an empty stomach. The sister saw that the patch on the cloth scorpion worn on his foot had been added to the foot and gave him a new pair of socks. He refused to wear, saying that he would not wear it with others. If he was never better than himself, it would be better than his homework.
His character is very much like a mother. His small classmate, Mr. Luo Changpei, once described the old house when he was a child: "A little bald child, born and free, unrestrained, energetic, and puts power in it without easily showing it. The teacher interrupted the rattan whip and got hurt. Tears are turning around in my eyes, and I don’t want to drop a teardrop or ask for a sentence."
At the first day of the semester in Beijing No. 3 Middle School, it will be difficult to continue. He suddenly saw an advertisement for admission to Beijing Normal School.
The normal school is a new thing that appeared on the land of China before and after the Revolution of 1911. Its purpose is to cultivate a new type of elementary school teachers. The curriculum is completely modeled after the Japanese normal school, that is to say, besides Chinese or classical Chinese, All other courses are referenced to the Western and Dongyang textbooks. In a word, the teacher is the foreign school, which is the first step in the modernization of Chinese education. It also focuses on the basic education of primary and secondary schools and is started by children.
The most impressed Lao She is that everything in the normal school is free. All public expenses are packaged by the state, and the management of the tube is used to control the distribution of tuition fees. Just like the people said: "The teacher is a teacher."
Fifty students were enrolled, and the news came out. One thousand people were enrolled at one time, and they were selected by the test results. Lao She did not discuss with his mother and signed the test. When he was on the list, he was famous on the list. At this time, he told his mother that he was admitted to Beijing Normal University. He and his mother are very happy. He is happy that he can continue to go to school. He can continue to study without leaving school. His mother is happy that he can no longer worry about his son’s tuition.
This time is the beginning of 1913. It was the first gift brought to Lao She by the Revolution of 1911, which almost completely changed his life.
He moved to school to stay. Since then, he has left the poor home. He has never returned to live long except for a short visit to his mother. This year, he just turned 14 years old.
When he entered the class, he discovered that most of the classmates in the class were children from all over Hebei. The accent was very heavy. The real children in Beijing were very few. The reason was that the children in the country had solid homework, good grades, and people’s duties. honest.
At that time, the teachers of the normal schools were very strong. The principals and language teachers were masters of Chinese studies. Later, after the number of universities, they were promoted to famous university presidents and professors. Many of the faculty members are from international students. The school's hardware is also very complete, there are modern school buildings with a combination of Chinese and Western styles, a physical and biological laboratory, a large library, a labor room, an organ, a foreign drum, and a live ammunition for military exercises. Each student has a uniform and a coat, a leather boot, and a hat. The school system is a one-year preparatory course with a four-year undergraduate degree. The courses of study are very comprehensive and modern, including zoology, botany and mineralogy in natural history, as well as psychology and education. Students must learn English. Lao She was the first class student of Beijing Normal School and learned to graduate in 1918. What's even more amazing is that Lao She's next two classmates actually went to Japan for an internship before graduation.
According to statistics, a hundred years ago, the normal schools built a large number of important cities in the country at the same time, and trained tens of thousands of talents, many of whom became the backbone of all walks of life, and a number of celebrities and masters emerged, including Mao Zedong of Hunan. Beijing's Lao She is the most representative, and the teacher Lu Xun is the most famous among them.
When Lao She was at school, there were two presidents of Beijing Normal School. Mr. Fang and Mr. Lu Hao were big educators. They love students like parents. Lao She was greatly affected by them. Mr. Lao She always hangs the inscription of the principal on the side of his desk for the rest of his life. It can be seen that the other party’s respect and love of the principal is grateful.
Before 1949, Mr. Lao She did not mention his Manchu origin. He once said privately to his good friend Mr. Wu Qunzhen that he was ashamed to admit that he was a banner man and a Manchu. This feature of his character is full of the revolution of the 1911 Revolution. He was humiliated by the incompetence and corruption of the Manchu rulers in the late Qing Dynasty, as well as the external submission and weakness, and was reluctant to admit that they were the same family. Later, Pu Yi’s surrender and traitor to Japan made him angry and sad, and he was increasingly reluctant to say his own nationality. He did not even say in his own work which hero’s identity is a banner person and a full man. This mentality until his return from the United States at the end of 1949, especially after listening to Chairman Mao and Premier Zhou, told him that the Manchu is an amazingly outstanding nation. Kangxi Emperor is a very outstanding emperor, in determining this piece of Chinese soil, In the establishment of the united front policy and in the immeasurable contribution to national unity, it has greatly promoted history and has far-reaching influence on today. After that, Mr. Lao She’s attitude has gradually changed, and finally I am proud to be a representative of the Manchu, and in the works, such as in the novel "Zhenghong", began to describe Manchu people positively, so that the novel "Zhenghong" is not only one of his masterpieces, but also known as One of the most brilliant masterpieces of contemporary Chinese minority literature.
In his essay, Mr. Lao She has esotericly described his scene when he first went to Beijing Normal School. That year, because it was just changed to the AD, the Spring Festival was not a holiday. When he went home to visit his mother on New Year's Eve, he had to say that he had to go back to school after a while and could not accompany his mother for the New Year. Out of the door, he walked back to the normal school road, his eyes could not see the surrounding scenes, but full of tears, only to mourn his lonely mother. When he arrived at the school gate, the superintendent was waiting for him at the door, and said kindly to him, you still go back. He listened to this and ran home. When I entered the house, I saw that my mother was worried about the little red candle. When the mother saw that her son was back, she was very happy. She stood up and took out a small straw bag from her pocket. She had a little bit of bread and said, "Boy, hold, just forgot to give you."
Five years later, Lao She graduated from Beijing Normal School with a fourth overall score and was directly assigned to the 17th Primary School of Beijing to be the principal. That year he was 19 years old. He said to his mother: "You can take a break now." The mother's answer was a string of tears.