The status quo and development of China's printing and equipment industry
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First, A brief review of the development of China's printing technology
Printing is one of the four great inventions in ancient China. It has made a world-recognized contribution to the invention and development of ancient human printing, but China's modern printing technology is lagging behind. Since 1950, China's printing and equipment industry has entered a new stage of development. After several five-year plans, it has established a printing and equipment industry system based on self-reliance, realized the mechanization of printing, and gradually promoted offset printing. technology. From 1974, the National Key Project "748 Project" was established, which is the research and application of Chinese character information processing technology, including the "Chinese Character Photosystem", the "Chinese Character Information Retrieval System" and the "Chinese Character Communication System". In 1988, the fourth-generation laser photo-distribution system was successfully developed, and the economic daily newspaper replaced all lead discharges. Since then, China's printing technology has begun to bid farewell to "lead and fire" and entered a new era of "light and electricity." Since the beginning of the 1980s, according to the development of printing technology and the needs of the domestic market, the 16-word printing technology progress policy of "laser photo-distribution, electronic color separation, offset printing, binding and linkage" has been proposed, and a special plan has been formulated, and since 1983, The printing technology transformation project was included in the national plan. By the year 2000, it invested about 3 billion yuan and carried out technical transformation of more than 200 printing equipment and equipment enterprises. Over the past 20 years of reform and opening up, China's printing and equipment industry has continued to develop at a high speed. It has made significant progress in technology and revolutionized.
Second, China's printing and equipment industry has made tremendous progress in the past two decades
1. Great progress has been made in technology, and lead printing has been eliminated, and laser photo-alignment technology and offset printing and color offset printing technologies have been popularized.
Among the 11,211 printing enterprises in the country in 1980, there were only 56 electronic color separation machines, including 176 book-printing two-level fixed-point factories, 123,000 employees, and 25 electronic color separation machines. In 1979, the British Mona Company was in Beijing and Shanghai. The laser phototypesetting system was exhibited. After the exhibition, several units were purchased. The offset printing machine only accounted for 29.1% of the total number of printing and offset printing machines. The ratio of printed and offset printing to the book was 1:0.93, and the amount of printing was slightly larger than the offset.
In 1999, there were 1,185 fixed-point enterprises in the country, with 309,100 employees, 319 electronic color separation machines, 1,293 laser photo-alignment systems, 512 full-page imposition equipment, 618 offset proofing machines, and 1527 letterpress printing machines. 6, lithographic printing presses, 2,145 binding machines. (Figure 1)
2. Production capacity has increased significantly
In 1949, there were less than 100 book printing and printing factories in the country, with less than 4,000 employees and less than 500,000 copies of books and periodicals. By 1980, there were 11,200 national book printing enterprises and 815,000 employees, including 176 fixed-point enterprises in book printing, 123,000 employees, and a book printing volume of 28.42 million, with a total industrial output value of 1.15 billion yuan. In 1999, there were 1,185 fixed-point enterprises in the country, with a total of 309,100 workers, a total industrial output value of 12.867 billion yuan, a total of 18.799 billion words, and a book printing of 6,157,200 orders. A total of 1.418 billion books were published (including reprints and reprints). The publishing cycle has been greatly shortened, and the average period has been shortened from 300 days to approximately 100 days. In 1999, 8,187 publications were published, with a total number of 2.846 billion copies.
In 1980, there were 38 large-scale printing factories at or above the provincial level, with nearly 10,000 employees, total printing of 2.846 billion, and 10.7 billion pairs. In 1999, a total of 2,038 newspapers were published nationwide, with a total number of 31.838 billion copies, and a total of 36.368 billion pairs of papers, with a volume of 1,464,400 tons. In 1985, there were more than 10 kinds of color newspapers published nationwide. In 1999, it was developed to 500 kinds. Before 1992, Chinese newspapers were one 4th edition every day. By 1999, more than half of the daily newspapers were published, and 4-6 pairs opened. The 16-24 version was published. Sometimes, 12 pairs open, counting 48 pages. Compared with the "Eighth Five-Year Plan", the average annual growth of books and periodicals is 30.96%, which is much higher than the growth rate of the national economy.
In 1998, compared with 1978, the number of key book printing and printing companies in 1998 was 18.79 billion words, an increase of 43.7% over 1978; book printing was 61.57 million orders, an increase of 479%, multicolor offset printing was 11,043,000 orders, an increase of 1157%, binding 4,618 The order was increased by 335.6%, the number of books was 141,831, an increase of 846%, the number of journals was 8,187, an increase of 780%, the number of textbooks was 20,755, an increase of 484%, and the number of newspapers was 2,038, an increase of 1095%. (Figure II)
3. The emergence of packaging printing and special printing has become an important pillar of printing and a new growth point.
According to the incomplete statistics of 19 provinces and municipalities in 1980, there are 139 factories engaged in packaging and printing, with more than 6,300 employees, more than 5,000 printing equipments, more than 400 plate-making equipment, and an annual output of nearly 33.5 billion impressions. With the development of the market economy, packaging and printing developed rapidly. According to incomplete statistics, as of the end of 1997, there were 6,050 packaging and printing enterprises at or above the county level, with about 730,000 employees and an industrial output value of about 30 billion yuan. At present, there are more than 20,000 companies engaged in fast printing in the country, with more than 30,000 small offset presses. A number of fast-printing chain agencies have appeared in Beijing, Shanghai, Wuxi, etc. Some fast-printing enterprises have used computer integration. The latest technology and equipment. According to incomplete statistics, there are more than 30,000 screen printing companies in the country, of which more than 1,000 have begun to take shape, with more than 158,000 employees. (Figure 3)
4. The variety of printing equipment and equipment has increased, the technical level and quality have been significantly improved, and breakthroughs have been made in some areas. Apart from a few high-precision products, it can basically meet the needs of China's printing industry.
In 1997, according to statistics of 65 printing machinery enterprises, there were 45,775 employees, with a total industrial output value of 2,707,490,000 yuan. A total of 140 web offset presses and 9,591 sheets of sheetfed offset presses were produced. Printing machinery has formed a group of backbone enterprises and enterprise groups that have considerable strength and can produce more advanced offset printing machines, gravure printing machines, flexo printing machines, small offset printing machines and post-press processing equipment. In addition to high-end printing equipment needs to be imported, mid-range printing equipment can be based on domestic, domestic market share of domestic printing press is about 60%. In 1996, a total of 1 billion US dollars of printing equipment and parts were imported, mainly imported high-end offset printing machines and prepress electronic equipment.
The Chinese character laser phototypesetting system made a major breakthrough in the early 1980s. Peking University Founder Chinese laser phototypesetting technology is not only used in China, but also widely used in overseas Chinese newspapers. Peking University Founder's Japanese typesetting software and RIP have entered the Japanese market.
In 1980, there were 22 ink factories in the country, with about 7,000 employees, an annual production capacity of 24,000 tons and an output value of 139.95 million yuan. There are about 400 ink manufacturing companies in China, employing 25,000 people, and the annual output of ink is 143,000 tons, of which joint ventures account for about 70%. Through the introduction of technology and foreign capital, the number of inks has increased substantially, and the level and quality of products have been significantly improved, which can basically meet the needs of the domestic printing industry. Domestic inks such as photocurable inks, water-based inks and metal inks have been successfully developed and put into production.
In 1998, there were no less than 50 enterprises with an annual production capacity of 300,000 square meters in the national PS version. In 1998, the annual production capacity of the equipment was 50.94 million M2, and the actual annual output exceeded 30 million square meters (excluding about 500 PS versions of recycled production). Yield). The annual output value is 1 billion yuan, of which about 50% of the production is produced by 3-4 large enterprises such as the second film factory of Lekai Group.
5. The printing enterprise structure and ownership structure have undergone tremendous changes.
There are 151,955 existing enterprises, among which there are 82,189 printing enterprises in the country, 69,766 copying, photocopying and printing enterprises, accounting for 45.95%; and 8,152 publication printing enterprises (including publications, plate making and binding special enterprises) 2,843), accounting for 5.4%; packaging and decoration printing enterprises 20,409, accounting for 13.4%; other print printing enterprises 53,628, accounting for 35.3%. Compared with before the rectification, the number of printing companies decreased by 20,946, and the number of copying, photocopying and printing companies decreased by 12,202, and the sum of the two decreased by 33,148, the total amount decreased by 17.9% (including "Three India" enterprises). .
Among the 151,955 printing enterprises, 11,126 are state-owned enterprises, accounting for 7.3%; 41,939 are collective enterprises, accounting for 27.6%; 13,219 are limited liability companies, accounting for 8.7%; 9,388 are share-holding companies, accounting for 6.2%; and 13,135 are private enterprises. , accounting for 8.6%; 58,305 individual enterprises, accounting for 38.4%; 2,321 foreign-funded enterprises, accounting for 1.5%; 2,522 other enterprises, accounting for 1.7%. It is not difficult to see that the structure of the printing enterprise has gradually changed from a state-owned and collectively-owned country to a new pattern of state-owned, collective, joint-stock, share-holding, foreign-funded, private, and individual diversification. (Figures 4 and 5)
Third, Prospects for the development of China's printing industry in the 21st and 21st century
1. The vast front stage of China's printing industry market in the 21st century
For more than two decades, with the sustained and rapid growth of China's economy, China's printing and equipment industry has maintained a leading, stable and high-speed growth. In the future, according to forecasts, the Chinese printing industry will continue to maintain this. A good development trend is based on:
1) The products of the printing industry - is a product that is widely used, is inseparable from all walks of life, no one is not used, and is omnipresent. With the economic development and the improvement of people's cultural living standards, it is a synchronous and advanced development industry. field. Although China now has 150,000 printing companies and more than 3 million employees, with an annual output value of more than 100 billion yuan, the per capita print consumption is still very low. According to relevant information, in 1997, the annual per capita printed matter consumption of the world was 56 US dollars. At present, China's per capita annual print consumption is about 10 US dollars, accounting for less than 1/5 of the global per capita consumption, only 1/20 of Germany and 1/30 of the United States. Japan’s 1/40 is not far from the world average, it is even more incomparable with developed countries, and its market development potential is enormous;
2) At the beginning of this century, it will be a crucial period for China to achieve the second-step strategic goal of economic and social development. China's economic development will maintain rapid growth, and the people's cultural and living standards will be further improved. According to the plan, China's GDP will double in 2000 compared with 2000. The "10th Five-Year Plan" is expected to grow at an average annual rate of about 7%, book and book printing will grow at an average annual rate of about 10%, and the average period of book printing will be shortened to 50 days by 2010. China's current population is 1.25 billion, and 260 million young people are in school. With the development of society, economy, science and technology, culture and education, and the improvement of people's income and quality of life, China's printing industry will certainly have a greater development.
3) The printing industry is not only a high-tech industry, but also a high-quality, multi-variety, small-volume, personalized and rapid development trend in the printing market, especially the rapid development of packaging, decoration and printing. industry. China is a developing country with relatively cheap labor. At the same time, the printing industry and human resources are abundant. With the advancement of technology and management, the quality of printing is constantly improving. It not only has the ability to serve the Chinese printing market, but also to expand its exports to the international market. This includes processing of incoming materials. In the past decade or so, about 1,800 printing companies in Hong Kong and Taiwan have moved their production and processing bases to the Pearl River Delta and the southeastern coastal areas of the mainland. The operation is good, which is an example. Expanding foreign cooperation and attracting foreign investment will become a new growth point for China's printing industry.
2. New demands for the development of China's printing industry technology.
With the rapid development of electronic media and the Internet, the Chinese printing industry faces the challenge of electronic media on the one hand, and the mutual promotion and integration of high-tech and electronic media on the other hand. In the past ten years, the printing technology has advanced by leaps and bounds, digital technology, network technology, integrated automation technology, digitalization and integration of printing processes, diversification of new processes, equipment and equipment, and printing environmental protection technologies. China Printing and Equipment Industry and International The advanced level has widened the gap, and the Chinese printing industry will face new demands for adopting advanced high-tech printing technology. In order to meet the new needs of the development of China's printing industry, the China Printing and Equipment Industry Association has proposed a 28-character policy for the development of China's printing and equipment industry in the first 10-15 years of this century based on the organization of research and development. , network, printing multi-color, high efficiency, post-printing diverse, automated, high-quality equipment, serialization. This technical progress policy is in line with the development direction of international printing technology, and is in line with the actual needs of China's printing technology development, and has achieved broad consensus in the industry. In order to achieve this goal, we are currently studying measures to make our printing technology take a new step in the new century.
3. Deepen enterprise reform, strengthen corporate restructuring, and promote unity and restructuring.
After nearly 20 years of development, China's printing equipment and equipment industry has greatly improved its level. However, the problem of unreasonable industrial and corporate structure is very prominent. Enterprises are large and comprehensive, small and complete, and the degree of specialization of production is very low; The products are similar among enterprises, and the low level of repetition is very serious and lacks market competitiveness. Under the new situation of economic internationalization, especially with the advent of the information age and the promotion and application of digital technology, the structural adjustment, joint and reorganization of enterprises are more urgent and prominent. China's printing machinery enterprises must conform to this international trend. Drawing on foreign experience, we will take advantage of the current opportunities for enterprises to deepen reforms, accelerate structural adjustment, and promote joint and restructuring, including joint ventures and cooperation with foreign companies.
4. Expand opening to the outside world
China will further expand its opening up. In particular, China will soon join the WTO. The Chinese economy will be further integrated into the international economy. China's printing and equipment industry will further expand, strengthen and deepen exchanges, trade and cooperation with the international printing and equipment industry. . The development of China's printing and equipment industry must not only keep track of foreign developments, but also learn from foreign experience and from the reality of China's economy and market demand. For example, in China, packaging printing is mainly offset printing and gravure printing. Flexographic printing, which is widely used abroad, has developed slowly due to various reasons and needs to be accelerated. China's pre-press electronic equipment and high-end offset printing machines are far from the advanced technology of foreign countries. They are imported a lot every year. 70% of the large-scale offset printing machine market is imported. In the future, pre-press electronic equipment and high-end offset printing machines and CtP equipment will still be in the future. Mainly rely on imports to solve domestic demand, but the competition will become increasingly fierce. We hope that foreign advanced printing equipment manufacturers should consider the long-term strategic needs of China, not only to see China's broad market demand, but also to see China's solid foundation in the printing equipment manufacturing industry, cooperate with Chinese manufacturing companies, reduce costs and improve competition. Force, not only to solve the demand for high-end products in the Chinese market, but also to expand exports of high-end products to developing countries.
Fourth, China Printing and Equipment Industry Association
Founded in 1985, China Printing and Equipment Industry Association has more than 1,200 member units. It is the only industrial association in China that covers the printing and equipment and is established according to the principles of system engineering. It consists of three professional committees: book printing, newspaper printing, packaging and printing; five branches of printing machinery, printing equipment, screen printing, fast printing, and electronic publishing; and two working committees of printing technology and printing enterprises. The China Printing and Equipment Industry Association represents the printing, paper product processing, printing equipment manufacturing and printing equipment manufacturing industries. Its biggest feature is cross-industry, which involves machinery, electronics, chemicals, light industry, news and publishing and other industries. In the traditional concept of people, printing, printing equipment manufacturing, printing equipment production belong to different industries, but the China Printing and Equipment Industry Association has organized them together. The printing and equipment industry is a large industry that provides the China Printing and Equipment Industry Association with an event stage.