The highest realm of anti-counterfeiting printing - banknote anti-counterfeiting technology
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Banknotes play an important role in the economic circulation, and people cannot do without banknotes in their daily lives. The quality of banknotes has gradually improved, and the anti-counterfeiting methods of banknotes have also changed with each passing day. The anti-counterfeiting technology used by banknotes also reflects the advanced level of the development of a national anti-counterfeiting technology to a certain extent.
In our country, for example, the forgery of banknotes has never faded out of our sight. The HD90 counterfeit notes have been awkward for some time. Is that our fifth edition of the RMB really falsified by lawless elements? I think that is impossible. If you carefully identify the HD90 counterfeit banknotes, you can easily find the flaws.
1. Paper security
First of all, from the perspective of banknotes, criminals are not able to obtain special paper strictly controlled by the state. The banknote printing paper is specially manufactured by the state and has the characteristics of toughness, strong abrasion resistance, good stiffness, no hairiness, no breakage, no deformation after washing. Generally, banknotes are made from high-temperature cooking materials such as cotton and linen. In some countries, domestic products are added to the banknotes for anti-counterfeiting purposes. For example, Japan adds triterpene pulp to pulp.
In addition to the texture of the paper itself is different from plain paper, a part of colored fluorescent fibers are distributed in the printing paper. Red and blue fluorescent fibers are randomly distributed in the 1999 banknotes of the RMB, which are clearly visible under ultraviolet light. This technology has also been applied to US and Canadian banknotes. Since the 1885 edition, red and blue colored fiber yarns have been added to the US dollar notes. The red and blue colored fibers from the 1885 edition to the 1928 edition of the US dollar bills are oriented. The red and blue fiber filaments are distributed in the middle of the banknote, forming two strips from top to bottom. The red and blue colored filaments in the 1928 and subsequent editions are randomly distributed throughout the banknote.
If the red and blue colored fibers need to be observed by means of ultraviolet light, then the watermark on the banknotes can be visually observed only by light transmission. The watermark is a fixed pattern formed by the watermark roll rolling in the papermaking process. Since the fiber distribution area of the paper watermarking area is different, the light transmittance is observed, and a pattern with different brightness and darkness and strong stereoscopic effect can be seen. According to the position of the watermark on the paper, it can be divided into a full version of the watermark and a fixed watermark. For example, the fourth edition of the RMB one yuan bill is the full version of the watermark, the 80th and 90th editions are the full version of the ancient coin, the 96 version is the full version of the five-pointed star (a big four small five-pointed star), and like the ten yuan, twenty yuan, we use Wu Zhenyuan and Baiyuan are fixed watermarks. Compared with the full version of the watermark, the fixed watermark is more difficult to make because the fixed watermark has a precise positioning on the paper. In addition to the location of the watermark, the level of production is also very different. Japan's watermark technology has been deeply researched since the 1950s, and no one is comparable now. The craft is very exquisite.
The safety line is also an important anti-counterfeiting element on banknotes. The security thread is a special metal wire or a polyester plastic wire, microprinted wire or fluorescent wire of different colors embedded in a specific position of the paper. A complete or intermittent (windowed) line is visible in the paper base when viewed from light. The shape of the wire is generally a straight line, and it can also be made into a wave type, a zigzag type, or the like. The window-opening safety thread is intermittently exposed to the paper surface, and when the copying machine is used for copying, the exposed metal wire is copied into an intermittent black line, so it cannot be copied. The safety line can be designed in a variety of colors, or in the same line of two-color spacing, and there may be micro-text on the line. For example, the US dollar is a fully buried safety line. The safety line is a polyester material called Mylar. Under the ultraviolet light, the safety lines of different denominations have different colors, and the English and digital are also printed on the safety line. Currency value. The security line of the renminbi is window-opening, and holographic currency values such as ¥50 and RMB100 are printed on the security line of the window.
2. Anti-counterfeiting of ink
A lot of special inks are used for anti-counterfeiting in banknote printing. One of our common types is an interference type optically variable ink which has a metallic effect and a pearl-like luster. The ink color patches are usually printed in a pair of colors, such as green-blue, cyan-green, magenta-green. Etc., if the ink print is tilted to a certain angle, the printed portion can be changed from one color to another when viewed from light. The anti-counterfeiting of the ink is very easy to recognize, and since it has a dynamic change effect, it cannot be copied using a high-definition copying machine, a color scanner, or the like. In addition, the process of manufacturing the ink is complicated, the technology is professional, the equipment investment is expensive, and the counterfeiting property is low, so a variety of banknotes use the color changing ink. For example, 100 yuan in the lower left corner of the 100 words, the front is green, the side is blue; 50 dollars 50 words, the front is gold, the side is green; the French franc on the color of the ink is positively colored green, The side is blue.
Another anti-counterfeiting ink is a colorless fluorescent ink. Under normal circumstances, you may not pay much attention, but in the ultraviolet light will show a dazzling color. For example, if the word “100/50/20/10/5” is displayed under the ultraviolet light on the upper left side of the RMB, strong orange fluorescence is emitted. Some counterfeit notes will also have fluorescent characters in the ultraviolet light, but there is a big gap between the color depth and the fluorescence intensity, and the color is dim.
There is also an ink that looks at the color is not bright, but the instrument detects the magnetic reaction, and some money detectors are designed and manufactured according to this principle. The horizontal number in the double-color crown in the lower left corner of the renminbi is printed with magnetic ink. The front gravure ink of the US dollar is magnetic, and the magnetic detector can detect the magnetic properties.
At present, there is an ink that has not been used in RMB printing, but it is used in banknotes such as Euro, Hong Kong Dollar, Japanese Yen, and Canadian Dollar. That is the anti-counterfeiting of pearl ink. Pearlescent ink is a patent of Merck, which has a pearly luster and a brilliant flash effect. Moreover, the ink has an interference color and a transmission color, and the color is bright and varied. The pigment of the pearlescent ink is formed by coating the metal oxide on the mica. The type and thickness of the metal oxide determine the color of the pearlescent pigment. The mica is wrapped with white titanium dioxide. When the thickness of the coating layer is 60 μm, the interference color of the pigment is silver white, the transmission color is colorless, and when the thickness is 90 μm, the interference color of the pigment is gold, the projection color is purple, and the like.
3. Printing technology security
The layout of banknotes is mostly based on characters, landscapes, paintings, architecture, etc., and is printed with complex and variable shading. The printing method mainly uses lithographic offset printing, gravure printing, letterpress printing and special printing. The printing of the main scene is mainly realized by hand-engraved gravure printing method. The gravure printing is a high-precision metal gravure hand-engraved by the engraver. The printed pattern of this version is in three-dimensional pattern and floats on the paper surface. The stereoscopic effect is strong and the layers are distinct. Touching the sense of concavity, such as the Chairman Mao's head on the renminbi, the touch of the hand is obvious, especially the hair and clothing decoration parts, under the magnifying glass, the lines of ink stand on the paper. Hand-engraved gravure is an anti-counterfeiting method that is easily identifiable by the public and is not easily copied. Because of the individual's knives, styles and uniqueness, the hand-carved plate making is difficult to imitate the depth, curvature and angle of the engraving line. It is difficult for the author himself to engrave two identical versions, so It is still an indispensable means of anti-counterfeiting of banknotes. Gravure can also realize a printing technique called refraction latent image, which uses two different concave and convex lines to make different light tilting effects, and two kinds of graphics are formed in the same part of the paper. When looking at the light source in a flat view of the light source, there is a picture, such as when the paper is rotated horizontally by 45 degrees or 90 degrees, it will be transformed into another graphic. This technology is used in passports in countries such as Canada, Sweden, and the Czech Republic. China's fifth set of 100 yuan coupons in the upper right front of the oval group of flowers, you can see the invisible denomination number "100" through the above rotation.
Lithographic offset printing is used to print complex and variable shading of banknotes. The lithographic offset image and paper surface are almost in the same plane. Most of the prints we see use this technology, but lithographic offset printing also has printing techniques that are difficult to copy, such as micro-text offset printing, multi-color overprinting, and printing. Technology and pattern docking technology. The micro-text offset printing looks like a solid line or a dotted line, but under the magnifying glass, it is a small and clear text. The multi-color overprint of the shading is overprinted with the ink of several colors, thereby forming a plurality of overlapping colors, so that the pattern of the pattern is colorful, which is a highly accurate offset printing technique, which is generally difficult to imitate. The printing and pattern docking have put forward extremely high requirements for offset precision, which is a great test for the precision of the printing press and the technology of the printer.
Letterpress printing is a printing method in which the graphic on the printing plate is higher than the printing surface. When printing, the graphic part is inked, the attached paper is pressed, and the ink is transferred from the printing plate to the paper surface. The pressure during printing causes a raised mark on the back of the paper, which is generally used for the printing of the banknote number. It is also a kind of anti-counterfeiting.
Special printing methods include rainbow printing, wiring printing, shading copy printing, and hologram printing. The main color or background of the pattern consists of different colors, but the color transformation of the lines or images is gradually transitioned, with no obvious boundaries, like the gradient of the seven colors of the sky. The color of the background grain of the front 100 yuan of China has gradually changed from orange yellow to orange red, green and blue, which is the application of this technology. The wiring printing is that two colors are connected to each other on the same line of the ticket pattern, and the two colors at the joint can neither be separated nor overlap, which requires sophisticated equipment and high level of craftsmanship. China has been able to complete the precise docking of four color patterns at one time. Holograms, imaging images, and shading patterns are new anti-counterfeiting technologies developed to prevent counterfeiting of counterfeit banknotes by modern copying techniques, such as the anti-copy shading of the US dollar after 96 years, and the isometric arc of portraits and buildings. The composition, regardless of the method used to copy will produce regular diffraction stripes, and then in recent years, the constellation anti-copy technology.