Talking about Digital Image (4)——Electronic Image Sensor
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Introduction
Looking up the data, the original electronic image can be traced back to 1873, when scientists Joseph May and Willoughby Smith discovered that selenium crystals can produce electricity after being sensitive. Is the beginning of the development of electronic imaging. Since then, there have been organizations and scholars studying electronic images. Among the important inventions are television systems, PhotoMultiplier Tubes (PMT) and Electronic Couplers (CCD).
PMT and CCD are very successful electronic image sensors (also known as optical sensors). The former was invented in the 1950s. The latter was invented in the 1970s and can be applied to a variety of products, such as astronomical telescopes and disc satellites. (There are foreign companies providing satellite digital photo services, which can shoot anywhere in the world, about HK$3), thermometers, analyzers, fax machines and scanners. CCD can be applied to small products such as digital cameras and camcorders. on. In 1998, two new electronic image sensors appeared, namely CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) and CIS (Contact lmage Sensor). Then introduce their technical and commercial applications.
Electronic image sensor
In the past, the astronomical telescope of the US Observatory used film to shoot images. Later, the electronic image sensor replaced the film, which not only eliminated the printing process but also appeared on the screen immediately, and the photographic performance was much stronger than that of the film. Technology improves image quality. From the 1950s to the present, electronic image sensors are widely used in commercial applications, such as satellite digital photos with earlier premise and astronomical telescopes for shooting the universe from the ground, and digital photo selfies used by young people in shopping malls. machine. Of course, the most common applications are fax machines, scanners, digital cameras and camcorders.
PMT – by the fifties. It has developed into the present and is the earliest electronic sensor. It is also the best (referring to quality) technology. It has a structure like a small circular bulb (see picture), about one inch in diameter and about two inches in length. Built-in multiple electrodes convert the incoming light into a powerful electronic signal that even the faint light can be accurately captured, which is better than other sensors. PMT is commonly used in printing and publishing industry scanners and engineering analyzers. The PMT scanner's highest inductive density is D4.2, which means it captures very dark areas of the image. PMT is very durable and generally has a white to 100,000 operating hours.
The CCD – invented by Bell Labs in the United States in 1969, is similar to the CMOS technology of computer chips. Like CMOS, it can be used as a computer memory and logic operation chip. Of course, DRAM is more suitable for electronic memory. The most popular applications are non-scanners, digital cameras and camcorders, but the most eye-catching representative is the installation of four large CCD chips at the BTC (Big) at the American Observatory in Andas, South America.
Throughput Camera, see Figure 5) In the astronomical telescope, it can shoot 35MB of data at a time, greatly helping astronomical research. CCD's photographic ability and quality are lower than PMT, but in recent years CCD technology has improved, its highest density can reach D4.0, slightly lower than PMT's highest sensor window. The volume of the CCD. Usually only as large as a regular coin, and of course there are some extra large (see Figure 4) or small. The CCD is as durable as the PMT.
CMOS – This technology has been in development for decades, and it can be said that there are digital computers, because the CPU and memory are made up of CMOS. However, it was only used in electronic sensors or digital cameras in 1998. It can also be applied to camcorders. The advantage of CMOS is that the structure is simpler than CCD. With smaller crystals and lower voltage, the manufacturing cost is lower than that of CCD. CMOS also has its shortcomings, that is, the technology is not mature, the quality is generally lower than the CCD, and the resolution is generally poor, but there are data showing that the technology of CMOS (refer to the website not provided in this article) will advance and will surpass CCD.
CIS – Due to structural relationships, CIS technology is usually only used for scanners. The sensor is a CMOS. The CIS scanner fixes the light source, focusing lens and sensor together in a single housing. It does not need to be adjusted and warm-up, so it is faster than the CCD scanner. This design CIS scanner is smaller than the CCD scanner, and the manufacturing cost is also reduced. However, C1S technology is not mature enough to generate large noise, so it is currently worse than CCD.
to sum up
PMT, CCD, CMOS and CIS are popular electronic image sensors. PMT CCD is more complicated and costly to manufacture. A sensor needs tens to hundreds of dollars, but the quality is better, especially PMT. The highest quality, professional roller scanner uses PMT technology, but its size and structure are not suitable for portable or small products. The CCD, CMOS and CIS are small and can be used in small products. At present, most electronic imaging products use CCD. It is hoped that there will be more products of other electronic imaging technologies (such as CMOS or better sensors) in the near future, so that consumers have more choices.