Securities printing
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introduction
This article mainly describes the printing of stocks and bonds in securities printing. As the name suggests, stocks and bonds are marketable securities, and like paper money, they are special prints. To this end, printing and production management is very strict. Only franchise companies or printing companies with specialized printing securities can print.
Stock and bond specifications
There are no special regulations on the specifications of stocks and bonds. However, considering the production costs and mailing costs, the current stock specifications are 210mm × 107mm. The Tokyo Stock Exchange also recommends this specification.
The specifications of the bonds are roughly unified into three categories according to the number of the bank and the number of repayments and the number of coupons.
Paper
Paper used in stocks and bonds typically carries a watermark of the company name and seal. In the past, Japan used the finest Japanese paper belonging to Japanese paper. This type of paper is specially manufactured by the Printing Bureau of the Ministry of Finance of the People's Republic of China. Unlike ordinary paper, it is suitable for both writing and printing, and has good strength and durability. Because it is manufactured by the printing bureau, it is called "bureau" paper.
The watermark of the text or seal on the bond paper is hand-made in the papermaking. It can also be attached to the paper-making machine of the paper machine to paste the corresponding company name or seal, and then use the papermaking materials (usually pulp and toughness). The leather fiber is directly copied, and the obtained paper is a white paper which is partially thinner. Conversely, there is also a way to make text or stamps appear black, that is, black watermarks. These special papers are legally prohibited from being casually produced by the people. The Dream Hall on the original 10,000 yen banknote, the Prince Edward on the 5,000 yen banknote is the watermark technology used.
Securities design and plate making
The art design of securities is the capital symbol of the issuing unit. It should be able to display its character and stability, and it can be designed for security. Therefore, it is completely different from general art design.
The color patterns and shadings in the unique geometric patterns on the securities are currently approved by the three printing companies of the government in addition to the printing bureau of the government. They are all based on the German-made color engraving machine. The pattern is a combination of several elements, extremely complex, and the line is divided into 2 colors, using fine two-color printing. The shading is the same as the color pattern, divided into 2 colors, which are overprinted by the printing machine.
Printed color lines and shading, according to the design of the securities, cut a part or put it together, as a sketch, add hand-painted patterns and outlines on it as a completed securities design.
For the color lines and thin lines, you can make the lines as they are, or reprint them to make the parts of the line white, that is, using a high-precision process called white color lines.
Once the art design is finalized, the layout of the securities will be followed, followed by the engraving. The text on the recorded items is usually reduced to 1/4 of the characters written by the calligrapher.
The pattern and shading of the frame are divided into the mechanical engraving part and the hand drawing part mentioned above. The latter is made by a worker who is familiar with the engraving technique. When engraving on the copper plate by hand, a special engraving knife and engraving needle are used, and the magnifying glass is used for observation. One line of underground hand carving, and finally the shading. This step is very important and requires experience and an elegant look. Generally speaking, it takes about 1 month to 1.5 months to engrave a set of plates.
If the offset is made by the above process, if the offset printing is used, a special method (depending on the printing factory) may be used to make a negative printing plate; if gravure printing is used, electroforming or etching is used. To complete the production of gravure plates.
Production management
The biggest difference between securities printing and general printing is production management. That is, counting management, the basis of which is based on the amount of paper used for management. As for stocks, it is generally necessary to pass more than a dozen operations. Therefore, the waste paper sheets and qualified paper sheets appearing in each process must be strictly counted to prevent the loss of paper.
For example, the company A's stock needs to print 50,000 papers, and the types of bonds are three kinds, that is, thousands of stocks, 5 thousand stocks, and ten thousand stocks, and the colors are different. After receiving the printing task, usually 4 pieces are placed on one standard paper, which requires 1/4 of 50,000 sheets, that is, 12,500 sheets of paper are prepared. Together with the addition of 2,500 sheets of paper, 15,000 sheets became the basis for counting. During the operation, it should be stipulated that at the end of each process, if the sum of the number of waste papers and the qualified sheets that appear is inconsistent with the number of papers initially received, it is not allowed to move to the next step.
After the completion of all the processes, if the production of the prescribed 50,000 finished products plus waste paper and the total amount of waste products does not equal 60,000 sheets (15,000 sheets of large-open paper), the delivery is not allowed. If you encounter a paper that has been broken or rolled on the shaft, apply the tape and stick it. Anything that meets the original size should be added to the count.
In addition, after the delivery of the securities, the printed paper usage list should be submitted to the subscriber or the trusted bank, and the waste paper and waste products should be shredded together in the case of contract approval, and the operation will not be completed.
Printing of securities
The printing paper is a watermark paper of the size of a four-pronged security. Generally, the reverse text and the back-up bar are printed first. For the front shading, color lines and patterns need very precise overprinting, it should be printed with a high precision two-color machine, and now more multi-color wiring printing using the overprinted accurate Roland Securities press. Outside the border, the name of the designated printing company is printed to prove that it is printed by a qualified printing company.
(1) Gravure printing
As described in the plate making, the hand-engraved version is turned into a formal gravure plate, which is printed by a gravure rotary press or a gravure printing machine.
Generally, the engraved gravure has a dot depth of 8-70 μm and can be engraved deeper as needed. The ink is filled in the recess, the excess ink of the layout is scraped off with a squeegee, the paper is covered thereon, and a strong pressure is applied from above to transfer the ink of the portion of the line filled in the recess to the paper. When printing with a speed printer, the line pressure is about 2 x 104 kg, as shown in Figure 1.
There are two methods of printing, one is to make the paper moderately hydrated, so that the ink in the thin line portion is easy to transfer wet printing; the other is dry printing directly printed on paper. Recently, it has been favored to perform beautiful gravure printing by a dry method. Since the wet method is used, it is necessary to dry the paper after printing, which tends to cause wrinkling of the paper, which causes trouble in the subsequent process.
With the development of computer technology, securities institutions or financial departments have begun to adopt OCR encoding technology in issuing securities in order to improve data processing speed. Because OCR coding requires machine identification, it is inconvenient for the gravure-printed securities to have too much embossed ink film coding. In most countries, in order to prevent fraud and maintain the unique printing style of securities, in most cases, gravure printing will still be the main method. Therefore, how to make gravure securities better adapt to machine reading is a technical problem that needs to be improved in the research of securities gravure technology.
(2) Number and ticket master data printing
For printed securities, use a number-specific machine to print the mark and number on the front and back of each security. Also make sure that the numbers on the front and back are the same.
For stocks like stocks, in addition to the printed side, the name of the shareholder must be printed, and the number of each stock has been determined and must be printed by serial number.
The printing method is based on the stock share name, collects the types of shares held by the shareholders, arranges the matching pages in order, and uses the tape of the Chinese character printer of the securities agency company to name the shareholders, so as to directly make the printing plate of the shareholder name as the original, and then use it. Special printing press to print. This type of printing machine automatically adjusts the printing according to the number of shares allocated by each shareholder, and when the ticket of a certain shareholder is printed. Will automatically switch to the next shareholder's stock for continuous printing.
In order to improve the efficiency of securities processing, brokers and financial machinery are different from ordinary numbers and are also printed on securities by OCR digital. The company's code and ticket number data are replaced by digital and then printed, and then optically read, thereby improving business processing speed and inspection reliability.
The OCR ink is used for printing. The font of the numbering machine is "OCR-B font" and is changed to 18 or 17 digits. The last 2 digits and the first digit are the test digits. The OCR code's printing tolerance range (position definition and clarity) is very strict, and there is a slight change in position, which will cause trouble for the reading and identification of securities. In short, the automation and mechanization of the business processing of securities agencies and financial institutions has also promoted the development of securities printing technology.
Trends in securities printing
While securities printing needs to be strictly managed, companies have made the greatest efforts in research and development of securities printing in order to improve the security level of securities.
For the purpose of preventing the development of more and more powerful color copiers, the securities are printed with a special ink in addition to the special ink. Once placed in the color copier, a completely different color will appear. Additional words and patterns appear on the surface. Another technique is to use special inks in the color printing section. Once you enter the color copier, the color will be copied into another color, making it easy to identify the authenticity.
In the future, the research and development of cameras and optical instruments will become more and more advanced, which undoubtedly creates more favorable conditions for drawing fakes. In a sense, securities and bonds and other important prints, such as checks and deposit slips, have the same use value as cash in some cases. Therefore, as a company engaged in securities printing, in order to print securities that are not easy to forge and prevent, we are constantly developing new anti-counterfeiting technologies in an unremitting struggle with counterfeiters every day.