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In 1985, Professor Yu Shangxian from Beijing Normal University invited me to write an article about the origin and development of Chinese screen printing for Japan's "Screen Printing" magazine. I actually spent some time discussing it. But in the question "Which country is the invention of the screen printing prototype (Prototype)?" This is a controversial issue. One is the origin of China. One is that it was first appeared in Japan, and the other is that it was invented in Europe. In the absence of sufficient data, it may be inconvenient to participate in more debates, but the discussion of data should be promoted. The author is based on this understanding to participate in the seminar.
1. The discovery and development of type printing
In the four flat printing methods of flat, convex, concave and hole, the screen version and the stencil version belong to the stencil printing. Kong Yin is the earliest printing method in human history, and its most primitive expression technique is the Stencit. Some people studied black and red murals in the caves of Gargas, France, about 30,000 years ago. They thought that they were placed on the wall by hand, and the outer part was painted with colored reeds, which was a form of expression. But this can only show that there is a burgeoning stencil printing in the prehistoric society of mankind. It cannot be considered that this is the appearance of a type of stencil.
China is the birthplace of the type of missing print. From 1978 to 1979, printed fabrics were found in the cliff tombs in Guixi County, Jiangxi Province, and two scraper boards were unearthed. Archaeologists have determined that the tombs of the Guixi Cliffs are quite similar to the tombs of the Spring and Autumn Period (770-476 BC). This important finding confirms that in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, China invented the type printing technology. No country has an earlier version of the printed record.
2. The appearance of clip-on printing
Since the Qin and Han Dynasties, the technology of printing with type plates has developed rapidly. According to the records of the "Knowledge of the Yuan Dynasty" by the Song Dynasty, there was an advanced magazine-type process in China. The so-called clip, according to the literal interpretation, the clip is held from the opposite side of the two sides, refers to the operation of the clip plate, the silk fabric printed with dyed color pattern, refers to the finished product after printing. The clamping type process is a process in which the silk fabric is sandwiched between two engraved identical plates and fastened to print from both sides.
3. The transition from the version to the screen version
During the Sui and Tang Dynasties (AD 581-907), there were many types of printing, and the plate-making technology also had great development. Judging from the white-printed Luo of the Tang Dynasty unearthed in Turfan, the patterns are all flower clusters composed of dots and cocks. Where the print is clear, the circles are not closed, which is a peculiar phenomenon of the hollow paper flower version. In particular, the diameter of these small circles is only three millimeters. The dot in the circle is only about one millimeter. It is difficult to achieve such precision in general, and it is engraved with a special paper plate. It is possible to keep the joints in the hollow and then reinforce them with raw silk and adhesive material. The new creation of this type of technology has laid the foundation for the development of silk screen printing in the future. However, the above statement of "raw silk and adhesion material reinforcement" is only a speculation, and the evidence is not sufficient.
Japan also has a transition from a version to a screen. In the Nara era of Japan (710-794 AD), the printing technology was introduced from China, and the Nara era was in the Tang Dynasty. China's printing technology has been highly developed. After passing to Japan, from the end of the Ashikaga era (AD 1338 ~ 1573) to the early Edo period (AD 1803 ~ 1868), a breakthrough in the development of the screen version was produced. There is a gauze printing plate. This version is a combination of several sturdy Japanese papers, coated with paint, engraved with the separated parts, and then attached to the hair, and then attached with a very fine wire mesh. , called the yarn.
The Tang Dynasty was earlier than the Japanese Ashikaga era for hundreds of years. If the Tang Dynasty white-printed Luoguo unearthed in Turpan was printed with a screen-printed version, the earliest invention of the screen-printing prototype was China.
4. An important research on screen printing prototype
Comrade Wu Min in the article "Pictures in the Tang Dynasty" - in the article on the printing and printing of the printing plate in the Tang Dynasty, was carefully examined, reasonably inferred and detailed. The main points are:
(1) According to the principle of the two-side squeegee printing method and the wrinkle marks on the head of the unearthed silk fabric specimens in Turpan, the printing operation at that time is to suspend the fabric, the stencil can be moved, and the stencil printing is carried out. .
(2) Because it is suspended and scratched, if the printing plate and fabric are soft, the squeegee is difficult to carry out; if the printing plate is hollowed out with wooden boards, it is impossible to print the slender and smooth specimens because the wood plate is too thick. Pattern. Therefore, it is judged that the printing plate is engraved with a paper plate, and is fastened by a leno fabric such as "roddy" which is sifted with flour. It may be that two hollow papers of the same pattern are initially attached to two equal-sized, tightly-knited soles. Later, it may be that the pattern is directly painted on the leno, which may be called the sieve printing plate. Because the continuous pattern specimens were unearthed at that time, and the continuous pattern required the printing plate to be directly depicted, and the history of using lacquer and tung oil in China is long, it can be said with certainty that in the period of the Tang Dynasty in China, the printing and dyeing technology has been realized. The transition from the version to the screen version.
(3) It is believed that the poems of the Tang Dynasty poet Bai Juyi's "Huo Luo Pai Kan" are a true and vivid description of the paintings at that time. Luo is the sieving printing plate, and the two sieving plates are relatively clamped, sandwiching the fabric in the middle. After the survey, the printing plate is moved in turn, and the beautiful colored pattern is printed. However, some people think that "Ro" in the verse refers to the fabric, and Heluo folds the fabric in two sides to print. This explanation also makes sense, but Comrade Wu Min analyzes the poet's artistic conception and thinks that it is more appropriate to interpret the siro print.
(4) The reason why the screen printing plate appeared in the Tang Dynasty failed to pass on the later generations: the hanging printing is easy to appear V-shaped blank at the two printing joints, and the edge of the printed pattern is easy to be curved. In order to overcome these shortcomings, the plate is no longer used and the platform is printed. Since the platform that was used was not very long, it was not allowed to make a jump print, so I had to discard the border of the flower plate for the continuous printing. Without the border, the leno has no attachment, so you can only continue to use the hollow version. Comrade Wu Min finally wrote: "This inference is in line with historical reality and needs to be verified by historical data to be discovered in the future."
5. Invention of modern screen printing technology
The invention of modern screen printing is somewhat controversial. Some people say that they originated in France, some said that they originated in Germany (1870), and others said that they appeared in Britain in 1900. But everyone recognizes: S. Simon of Manchester in 1907 (Samuel
Simon) The patents filed in the United States are identical to the current screen printing except that they are brushed with ink at the time.
6 Conclusion
(1) The predecessor of screen printing is type printing. The version originated from the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period in China. It was popular in the Qin and Han Dynasties and was highly developed in the Sui and Tang Dynasties.
(2) According to the printing and dyeing fabrics unearthed during the Tang Dynasty in China, it was China that first created and adopted screen printing technology. This technology is very close to modern screen printing technology, so China's first screen printing technology was more than 1,200 years earlier than foreign patents for screen printing technology. However, screen printing was lost during the conversion from the hanging printing method to the platform printing method. The above-mentioned judgments are to be further verified by historical data to be discovered in the future.