At present, the vast majority of pop-up books in the domestic book market are children's picture books, and many children and even parents want to imitate and try after seeing these creative designs in pop-up books, and even take the book apart to study its production principle. However, because the paper material itself is easily damaged, many structures are made by pasting, and it is difficult to restore after disassembly, so it often causes damage to books without understanding the principle of structural production.
In fact, although pop-up books have just started in China, they have a mature reader market and professional design and publishing institutions abroad, and most of their structural designs are designed and created by professional paper engineers. Many paper engineers such as David Carter in the United States, Robert in the United Kingdom. Sabuda and others have published special books to explain the structure and principles of motion of pop-up books for those interested in understanding the design principles behind pop-up books. However, because this is a traditional and niche handicraft skill, each paper engineer's explanation is full of unique artistic temperament brought by personal experience, and there is no unified classification, clear norms and recognized terminology, which makes people feel that blind people do not know the big picture.
By studying the books and works of many paper engineers and actually making three-dimensional structures, the author summarizes the following five common three-dimensional structures of books: wheel structure, page turning structure, pull bar structure, parallel polyline structure and intersecting polyline structure. It can be said that the three-dimensional structure in most books is based on these basic structures, and then combined, expanded and changed. Mastering these basic three-dimensional structures is equivalent to mastering the design code of paper art engineers.
1. Common three-dimensional structure
(1) Runner structure
The wheel structure is an earlier used book activity structure. Its basic design method is to place a disc on the back of the base page, fix it with buttons or cut pieces of cardboard at the center point of the wheel, and then die-cut some holes on the base page that can expose the pattern on the disk, so that when the reader turns the disc by hand, the pattern on the base page and the disc will form different combinations to change the scene.
By adding pointers on the basic page, adding eccentric wheels and tappets to the runner, and increasing the number of layers of the runner, the basic runner structure can be made more complex, so as to produce a colorful book structure.
Perhaps the first moving element to appear in books, the wheel structure has been around since its introduction. In the 13th century, there was a man named Matthew. The priest of Paris, in his Chronicle Calendar, used a wheel structure. A lot of circular diagrams were used in the manuscript of this monastery to identify the different holy days. Paris created a wheel structure to connect these diagrams, so that it is much easier to find, just turn the turntable, no more trouble moving the entire book manuscript,
The wheel structure is also very suitable for explaining dates, astrological signs, making codes, etc. In 1540, a German professor of mathematics and astronomy named Pieter Japian published Caesar's Astronomy. This is a hand-printed book, nearly 40 pages of which are astronomical and astrological woodcuts made into wheel structures, some of which are as many as five or six layers. These wheel structures are used to calculate planetary positions, solar and lunar eclipses, and even predict when disease will erupt.
(2) Page turning structure
The page turning structure is the most common pop-up book structure, and there are two main production processes, one is sticking and the other is unveiling. Sticking refers to pasting a card on the base page, while uncovering the page is opening the cut on the base page to reveal the pattern below. In both forms, the pattern on the text is disguised by sticking or uncovering the page, and the reader turns the piece of paper to "uncover the mystery".
The page-turning structure is also a classical technique in pop-up book and paper art. As early as the 16th century, the page-turning structure was used to produce academic books, such as medicine. In 1539, the historic monograph of human anatomy professor Andris Visarius was published, "Maps of the Physiological Anatomy of Human Sex", which was accompanied by six folding cards of human anatomy diagrams, each showing the internal organs of the human body, but all hidden behind folding cards.
Later, the page-turning structure was widely used in children's pop-up books. In the first half of the 20th century, Italian pop-up book designer Bruno Munali used a variety of page-turning structures to deftly produce many children's pop-up books. His design was originally the head of one animal on the page, but when you flip the next picture, the head of another animal appears, so that the elephant becomes a pony, the bird becomes a fish, and so on. This design allows readers to guess what kind of animals will appear on the next page, which is fun to discover and guess.
(3) Pull bar structure
The simplest structure of the pull bar is to make a pull bar from a rectangular strip of paper, and then open a slot on the basic page along the trajectory of the pull strip, and paste the element that needs to be moved on the pull bar through the position of the groove, so that when the reader pulls the pull bar, the element will move with the pull bar. Using this structure, the effect of making the car drive forward and the villain running forward can be achieved, so it is also a more common three-dimensional structure in children's picture books (Figure 3).
The structure of the pull bar has a lot of variation structure, such as increasing the number of grooves on the basic page, and adding the paper card for connection behind the pull bar, so that a pull bar can drag multiple patterns to move. In the pop-up book published by the British Dean Company, two connecting paper sticks are inserted at both ends of the strip, and the images on the stick are the images of the grandmother and the windmill, as long as the reader pulls the end of the strip, the grandmother and the windmill will be linked together to form an interesting picture.
The pull bar control structure can be extended to movable connecting rod structure, lever structure, solution structure, etc. The structure of the melt scene is made a bit like the principle of blinds, the main scene is on the page, the pull bar is connected to the secondary scene hidden in the mezzanine (that is, between the two pages), and the two scenes are cut diagonally and interspersed with each other. When pulling the strip. The side scenes gradually emerge from the diagonal cut line until the scene is completely changed.
Although the principle of making this structure is simple, if the picture is cleverly designed, many interesting pictures can appear, and the reader will be surprised to see this kind of page that can change the image. For example, in the book, there is a picture of the teacher lecturing to the whole class, the students are sitting still and orderly, but as long as the pull bar is pulled, it will become another picture of the teacher writing on the blackboard with his back to the students, and the whole class is in a mess, and readers, especially children, will find this design novel and interesting.
2. Parallel polyline structure
The parallel polyline structure is the most basic structure for making pop-up pop-up books, in which all the polylines are parallel to the central polyline of the base page. There are two types of parallel polyline structures, 180° parallel polyline structure and 90° parallel polyline structure.
(1) 180° parallel polyline structure
Open the base page to 180°, fold a rectangular piece of paper symmetrically, and paste it symmetrically across the page (the distance of the paste is less than the length of the piece of paper) on the basic page, you can make a simple 180° parallel polyline structure. By changing the shape and position of the pasted page, or adding other tangents, the parallel polyline structure of the foundation can also be extended to open box structures, cube structures, dinghie-shaped structures, cylindrical structures, cones-shaped structures, pyramid structures, closed tent structures, etc. (Figure 4).
If you add multiple layers of additional pages on top of the basic page, or if the additional pages are cut or punched or rolled into different shapes, complex and varied patterns will be created, and the pinnacle of this kind of representative work should be Rosa. McKindorf's 1887 book The International Circus is none other than McKindorf. The art painting with six panels can be stretched up to 1.2 meters long, and the three-dimensional figures of circus performers are cut and pasted.
(2) 90° parallel polyline structure
The 90° parallel polyline structure is characterized by the fact that the bottom and bottom folios on the page are different from the general left and right folios. This structure is structured by cropping horizontally directly at the spreads on the base page, and then collapsing outward or inward as needed. This type of design can only have a three-dimensional effect when the page is opened at 90°, and when it is unfolded to 180°, it will completely change back to flat and lose the three-dimensional effect because the polyline is all flattened.
In the middle of the 20th century, the Americans Ben . Klein invented this 90° parallel polyline structure. In previous parallel structures, the die-cut drawings were folded and then glued to flat paper. The difference between Klein's Lele Jump series is that the illustrations are printed on the same sheet of paper, then die-cut and cut into three-dimensional landscapes. The flat part of the illustration is glued to cardboard so that origami stands up as soon as the page is opened.
Third, the structure of intersecting polylines
The intersecting polyline structure is one of the most basic and effective three-dimensional structures. The method is relatively simple, but the effect is outstanding, and it can really give people a visual experience of "popping". In this type of stereoscopic structure, all polylines intersect on the central polyline. Generally, the pieces of paper used in this method are pasted on the page in a "V" shape, so it is also called a "V" fold.
(1) 180° intersecting polyline structure
In the 180° intersecting polyline structure, the most significant three-dimensional effect is presented when the base page is expanded to 180°. The production of the most basic 180° intersecting polyline structure is very simple, and a folded piece of paper can be folded in half, align its polyline with the center polyline of the base page, and paste it on the basic page at a symmetrical angle. Like the parallel polyline structure, the intersecting polyline structure can also be expanded into a box structure, a pyramid structure, a bird's beak structure, etc. by adding a fold line, adding paper, etc.
In the mid-20th century, British publisher S. Louis Kerod was a pioneer in the clever use of this structure. In his book "Bucano Stories that Can Jump Out of the Model", he makes extensive use of pop-up three-dimensional structures: the villain in the doll box will jump out, the royal carriage will erect, the castle will rise from the hillside, and the flowers will bloom.
(2) 90° intersecting polyline structure
The most basic 90° intersecting polyline structure is very simple, starting from the center polyline on the basic page, draw two symmetrical polylines, along these two polylines to push the base page forward, and a three-dimensional structure will appear when the base page opens to 90°. When the base page opens to 180°, the structure becomes flat again. This structure, like the 90° parallel structure, can be generated by die-cutting and crimping the base page.
epilogue
The above briefly describes the five most common pop-up book structures. In addition to these types, tunnel structures and carousel structures are also popular. Of course, in the actual pop-up book structure design, generally do not simply use a certain structure, but a variety of structures, such as in the book "BLUE 2" designed by David Carter, on one of the pages is a comprehensive use of multiple pull bar structures and multiple parallel polyline structures, and also nested many rocker structures, which can be said to be colorful and interesting. In the book "Alice in Wonderland", the master of paper art Robert . Sabouda uses a combination of intersecting polyline and parallel polyline structures in many pages, and in one page even adds a tunnel structure; The colorful structure is combined with the new application of tin foil, fluff and other materials, plus the famous illustrator John . The wonderful depiction of Tenniel's classical style creates a stunning effect.
The production of a pop-up book roughly goes through creative conception, making prototype paper molds, cost estimation, illustration finalization, determination of knife mold lines, plate proofing, printing and other links. In this complex process, the designers of pop-up books are required to work closely together: story creators, illustrators, paper engineers, etc. The main reason for the lack of excellent original pop-up books in our country is the lack of mature creative personnel, and among them, the lack of paper engineers can be said to be the most serious. I would like to use this article to introduce bricks and stones, hoping to see the rise of China's outstanding original design talents as soon as possible.
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