My opinion on "sheet printing"
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In the third year of the Northern Song Dynasty (1036), the Song Dynasty Sun Yan published the history of the Eight Dreams of the Dream of the Dream. This historical fact was recorded by Ming Chong's "Dream of Dreams" (Northern Collection). The book reprints the preface to Sun Wei’s "Dream of Dreams": "...Bingzi (ie, Jingjing for three years) Spring in February, Lanxi (Western Zhejiang, county system), encountered a coat.... Because of the eight volumes of his book, Ji Zhi gave the fool, and resigned from the boat. Shuang can't stay.... The Taoist priest knows what he is doing (the same), and he also guesses why he is so embarrassed.
In the Ming Dynasty, many people can still read many Tang and Song relics, such as Tang Yanguan's ten years (636) and "female", and later Jin (936 ~ 947) have "Tianfu copper version" can be printed and printed. People described. The above-mentioned Sun Hao’s "golden brush" is also the transcription of the Ming Dynasty. Stealing that it cannot be distrusted by its descendants; or because its "text is too simple, not clear", and can not be abandoned because of the lack of physical estimation, and rashly put the precious letter of history on the shelf.
Below, the author tries to explain the glimpse of the invention of the copper type in China by contacting Sun Hao's method of "being the gilt brush" before and after, for the reference of the historians in history.
First, The "step" rule of the copper type
The historical basis of the invention of the copper type is the copper casting technology. This point is universally recognized as an ancient country with a long history of copper casting technology. At the beginning of the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, the casting of metal vessels such as copper tripods appeared. The famous Dong Zhou bronze ware "Qin Gong " has more than 100 inscriptions on it. One word per word, it is obvious that the wood type is first carved, and it is printed on the earth and cast with copper liquid. This is the same as the later cast copper type technology. There were bronze seals in the Han Dynasty, and there were only one word, and most of them were cast; this type of print is the same as the bronze type. As for the technology of casting money, it was very exquisite in the Warring States period and continued to develop in the past; the difference between casting money and casting copper type is that the money face is a positive character, the copper word is an anti-word, and it is technically identical.
As a printing type, the type of copper type is produced at the peak of the development of woodcarving. Due to the extensive social needs, it requires the engraving to improve the printing durability and plate making speed. In the middle of the development from the engraving to the copper type, there is a necessary "step" law, namely the copper plate. The appearance of the copper plate is an inevitable result of increasing the printing durability and increasing the number of prints. In China, this "step" law can be traced back to the Tang Dynasty. The remains of the remains are the bronze prints of the thousand Buddha statues in the eight years of the Dahe (834). There are Buddha statues and words on it. It is obvious that the woodblocks are first carved and the sand molds are produced. , cast the copper liquid and cast it. The well-known Northern Song Dynasty (960 ~ 1126) Jinan Liujia needle shop copper casting plate, is Yin and Yang Wenhe cast together. This advertising plate fully proves the appearance of the copper plate, which is to improve the printing rate and the social demand for printing.
As the representative of this "step" law, it should be the unfinished post-Jin Tianfu (936 ~ 943) copper version of the nine classics. It is a pity that Jingtai Jingtai (1450~1456) Jinshi Yang Shou Chen was in the "Zhu Shi Jingyi", only saying that "Jin Tianfu has a copper version of the nine classics, all of which can be printed on paper, no writing", the details are unknown. Thus, the debate that caused the academic circles to be engraved in copper or cast copper. There are four hundred thousand words in the Jiujing, and it is impossible to engrave the copper plate. It is impossible to cast copper type on the first edition. At the time, there was already a water-carved version of the nine classics, which was presided over by Feng Dao (882-954). However, the number of brushes was not enough for social needs. In addition to the collection of officials at all levels and limited scholars, the majority of scholars were heavily invested. Hard to find. To this end, Jin Tian Fu Nian used the ready-made nine-wood version as a model, and turned the soil (or sand type), pouring copper liquid into a copper plate, which produced a wide brushing effect. Stealing, this is the only explanation for the Tianfu Copper Edition. Of course, the Tianfu wood version of Tianfu has not yet been completed, and the Tianfu copper plate is only a casting of Tianfu. It is precisely because the Tianfu copper plate is a neatly arranged system of nine warp wood, cast into several large copper plates, so Yang Shouchen compared it with the Han Wei stone.
However, the copper plate can be used to make a copper plate by using the ready-made Jiujing wood plate. If it is necessary to print a text without a ready-made template, it is impossible to cast a whole copper plate. The objective demand forces people to develop an active copper plate that can be freely arranged, which is the inevitability of logical development. Therefore, Professor Pan Jixing said, “Metal movable type is obviously developed on the basis of copperplate printing, and it is a direct and inevitable product” (see Pan Jixing’s “Song Yuan Metal Type Printing Historical Materials”), which is very Reasonable.
It is an indisputable fact that the Korean peninsula has introduced China's money-making technology and cast copper type technology in history and cast its own copper type. This is precisely because there is no transitional stage in the history of the Korean peninsula. Therefore, it is obviously impossible for Korean scholars to express their views on Korea as an inventor of metal movable type.
Second, there is a movable type before the Bi Sheng mud type
Looking at China's profound history of copper-casting culture, the practice of casting bronze, bronze mirror, bronze Buddha and bronze coins for a long time, especially in the peak period of the engraving, is the "step" rule of the whole copper plate printing. The study of the development nodes of the above things will inevitably lead to the conclusion of the wood type and the copper type that first appeared in the evolution from the dead word to the movable type.
Mr. Zhang Xiumin, a well-known old print history singer, said that Bi Sheng was a "living character inventor", but he also raised doubts about himself when he talked about Sun Hao's "golden brush" printing "The Dream of the Dream". He pointed out in the article "The Invention and Development of Tong Huo Zi" (originally published in the Guangming Daily on January 9, 1954), "This and Bi Sheng's invention of the clay type, this major event in the history of printing, in Song Renzong It is not impossible for the era to be invented in the same period. The reason why Mr. Zhang Lao cited the "golden brush" is that it is related to the invention of the copper type.
Another well-known printing historian, Dr. Qian Cunxun, also said that Bi Sheng’s “is a letterpress version” also believes that “the use of movable characters should be earlier, and there have been wooden movable characters before” (quoted from Bie Liqian) "On Qian Cunxun's Contribution to the Study of Chinese Printing History", published in the "Research Collection" (2001). Dr. Qian’s point of view is different from the current so-called wood-live type tester, which is Bi Sheng’s mindset. He believes that the use of wood type characters has existed before Bi Sheng.
It is believed that the nature of the wood type is the mediator of the engraving and fission law. It is precisely because of the objective existence of the wood type that cannot multiply its own model that it provides the mediator basis for the model casting of the copper type. Borrowing from the famous historian Xiao Dongfa, “Wooden type is a bridge from woodcarving to metal type” (see Xiao Dongfa’s “Research on the Spread of Chinese Printing”, published in the “Research Collection” (2001). The so-called "bridge" is synonymous with the "mediator substance" that the author has said. Stealing that, in summary, it has already appeared for Sun Wei’s “golden brush 早” earlier than Bi Sheng’s “also a letterpress version”, and proposed the basis for the “letter and levy” of the connection of things.
Third, the copper type is the inevitable outcome of the "copper plate step"
Judging from Sun Yan’s own experience, he also has great possibilities of “golden brush”. Sun Wei (962~1038), the character Zonggu, the Northern Song Dynasty Bochuan Boping (now near the Shandong Luping), with the Taizi Shaofu into the official, his official position can be learned from a dry order in the first year of Qianxing (1022): "Hanlin's lecturer, the faculty of the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Education, the clerk, the judge and the judge of the country," can be described as the official transport of the prosperous, the title is more. In the five years of Suihua (994), he served as the supervisor of the "Printing and Money Institute" of the State Organs' supervisory organization (the company was later renamed the Guozi Supervisor). "Song History" commented that it is "encouraging strength and learning, Broadcom Jingyi", which shows that its reading is very rich, that is, starting from the five years of Suihua, the time is "Tianfu Copper Edition"