Map Drawing and Publishing in Digital Environment
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The map is a special kind of print, which plays a very important role in the country's economy, national defense, culture and education. In recent years, due to the combination of digital mapping technology and electronic publishing technology, the field of map publishing has undergone earth-shaking changes. The quality and production efficiency of maps have been greatly improved. Traditional map mapping and publishing operations have been produced by digital maps. Replaced by the pattern.
First, the characteristics of map printing
Compared with other printed materials, the publication and printing of maps have their own characteristics, mainly including:
1. Large printing format
The size of the map cannot be artificially arbitrarily divided, either as specified by the specification or by the designer in the map design. For example, according to the specification, the topographic map should be framing according to the latitude and longitude. The size of the map is about 60×44cm, which also includes the finishing of the outline, so the printed size of the topographic map reaches about 75×54cm. If it is a wall chart, the format of the frame will be larger: some will be made up of several sheets and dozens of pieces of paper. For example, the 1:2 million "China Full Picture" is made up of 9 pieces of full-open paper. It is a feature not found in other printed materials.
2. High copy accuracy requirements
In the application of the map, sometimes the data is acquired by calculation on the topographic map or other maps. Therefore, the size of the map in the copy and the copied map must be within the allowable error range; the lines and symbols must conform to the specification legend. Or design rules; must ensure that the map content between two adjacent maps can be correctly spliced. In short, the geometric accuracy of the map cannot be affected by print copying.
3. Print a color map in monochrome originals
Most of the maps provided for publication and printing are monochrome originals. In the printing process, workers are required to refer to the provided monochrome originals and plate-print them into color maps. Therefore, many processes are added to the printing plate making process. difficult.
4. Printing color
Although the map is monochrome, it is inconvenient to use, and most of it is now printed in color. Before 1964, for large-scale topographic maps, the pattern was printed in eight colors: black, brown, dark blue, medium blue, light blue, orange red, earth yellow, green, etc.; after 1964, black, brown, blue, Four colors such as green are printed. The national standard stipulates that 1:500,000 topographic maps are printed in six colors; 1:1 million topographic maps are printed in nine colors, and aerial plans are printed in four colors. Ordinary maps, thematic maps, geological maps, mineral maps, etc. are all used in color. In the 1975 edition, the 1:5 million "Asian Geological Map" used up to 40 colors.
Today's map printing is generally printed with four kinds of inks such as yellow, magenta, cyan, and black. However, some special requirements for map printing must also include other special printing colors such as purple and brown.
5. In the process of printing and publishing, it must be able to repair the mistakes and leaks in time.
This is because the content of the map is very complicated, and the one line and the first line all represent certain contents. Therefore, in the process of plate making operation, individual errors and omissions will inevitably occur, which requires timely correction and repair of the map on the film or the printing plate.
Second, the traditional map drawing and publishing process
Since lithographic printing is made by photolithography, it is easy to change the scale and meet the requirements of map printing. Therefore, the traditional map drawing and publishing is completely done by manual lithographic printing method. The basic process flow is shown in Figure 1.
As can be seen from the above figure, in the traditional process of cartographic mapping and publishing, from the overall scheme design to the copying and printing of maps, each step appears in the form of logistics, and every process of production is inseparable. Manual participation and operation. This kind of production process is time consuming and troublesome and very cumbersome. At the same time, due to such a production process, it is very difficult to edit and modify the work whether it is the first production or the later revision, and the quality of the product will be affected by the operator's factors.
Third, digital map drawing and publishing process
With the application of computer science and technology in the field of map mapping and map publishing, and the continuous improvement of digital map drawing theory and methods, it is now possible to complete the above production process in a computer environment. After the establishment of various scale map databases, in order to give full play to the role of the map database, it is necessary to adopt new work processes and methods to complete the production and update of maps, and to make the production of maps on the road of digitization and modernization. Map Drawing and Publishing in Digital Environment
In terms of publishing technology, with the development of computers, multimedia technology and laser technology in the late 1980s, a color electronic publishing system emerged, which realized a leap from analog publishing to digital publishing. The digital original image published by the map is the main source of information, with electronic publishing as the operating platform, which makes the combination of digital map drawing and electronic publishing more compact. Map data input, map design, map editing, layout design, group layout and other processes can all be completed by computer, which makes the mapping and publishing process of the map greatly reduced.
At present, our commonly used map digital mapping and publishing system consists of two major parts: hardware and software. The hardware basically consists of graphics, image input devices, computers, graphics, image output devices, and the like. As shown in Figure 2.
Graphics and image input devices include hand-held tracking digitizers, large-format high-precision scanning digitizers, analytical plotters, computer mice, and keyboards. The computer can be either a microcomputer or a workstation. Output devices mainly include large format inkjet plotters, laser film output machines, laser printers, digital presses, and the like.
The software of the digital map drawing and publishing system mainly includes the operating system, device driver and interface software, network communication software, and digital map production software. The core of it is digital map production software, including vector map acquisition software, raster map scanning processing software, DEM generation software, graphic editing and output software, digital mapping and electronic map making software. We use more of InterStation's MicroStation; MapInfo of MapInfo, USA; MapGis of China University of Geosciences. Figure 3 is the process flow of digital map drawing and publishing.
As can be seen from the above figure, with the development of computer technology, database technology and electronic publishing technology, map drawing and publishing have been transformed from traditional manual work to full digital production mode, as long as the color separation film output by laser imagesetter After a regular printing and printing process, a map product can be obtained. Even the desired map product can be obtained directly through the CTP (Digital Direct Press or Digital Direct Plate Machine) system.
Fourth, digital map mapping and publishing advantages
Compared with traditional cartographic mapping and publishing, digital map mapping has obvious advantages over publishing:
1. Digital map drawing results are easy to store and are not easily deformed during storage, which improves the accuracy of map drawing.
2. Digital map drawing makes the map content easy to edit, modify and update during the production process, and can supplement and modify the map according to the user's requirements to enhance the adaptability, practicability and user's extensiveness of the map.
3. The combination of digital map mapping and publishing reduces the labor of the operators, shortens the mapping cycle, saves materials and reduces costs. The cumbersome process of map design, map compilation, photocopying, pirating, dispensing, copying, tearing, and netting are combined on a computer. For a small number of map copies, it can be done by inkjet printing or digital printing, which is faster and cheaper.
4. Easy to modify and display. For frequently modified content, computer operation is very convenient.
5. Increased the variety of maps and broadened the service area. Digital map mapping technology can be used to produce various digital map products, and to produce multimedia electronic maps and three-dimensional maps.
6. Conducive to network transmission, off-site replication, on-demand printing. In particular, when the map is needed in wartime, the latest map data and map rapid copy technology are used to print and copy maps in real time and quickly, so as to meet the requirements of modern high-tech local wars on map topography.
Fifth, Conclusion
Digital map mapping and publishing is an important part of mapping security. Its functions and functions, irrespective of past, present and future, are irreplaceable and obscured. In the digital environment, with the continuous development of map mapping and publishing technology, we must be good at summing up experience, discovering new problems, and making our digital map mapping and publishing develop in a fully digital direction to meet the needs of national defense construction and national economic construction.