Biodegradable plastics that are “satisfied”, is there a way out in the future?
The plastics industry has developed rapidly with the development of petrochemical industry. It has the advantages of easy material extraction, low price, convenient processing, light weight and durability. It is widely used in various fields of society and brings great convenience to people's lives. At the same time, because a large number of discarded plastic products are difficult to decompose, which constitutes an increasingly serious "white pollution", the preparation of environmentally friendly degradable plastics to replace traditional plastics has received widespread attention in recent years.
At present, what is the development status of degradable plastics, and what kind of attitude does the society take on the environmental effects of degradable plastics? Xiaobian said to you today.
What kinds of degradable plastics are available?
Degradable plastics mainly include biodegradable plastics, photodegradable plastics, light and biodegradable plastics, and water-degradable plastics. Among them, biodegradable plastics are the most in-depth research and the most widely used. The figure below shows the main classification of biodegradable plastics.
Polyhydroxyalkanoates are different structural aliphatic copolyesters synthesized by microorganisms by fermentation from various carbon sources. The most common ones are poly(3-hydroxyacetate) (PHB), polyhydroxyvalerate (PHV) and copolymers of PHB and PHV (PHBV), which are used in biomedical materials, electrical materials and packaging materials. Important role. By copolymerization (PHBV), PHB can be improved due to its high cleanliness and brittleness, and its mechanical properties are improved, and heat resistance and water resistance are also good. Due to the high price, it is mainly used in the fields of medicine and other high requirements.
Polylactic acid (PLA) is a new type of biodegradable material made from renewable plant resources such as starch extracted from corn. The starch raw material is fermented into lactic acid and converted into polylactic acid by chemical chorus. Good biodegradability, completely degraded by microorganisms in nature after use, and finally produces CO2 and water, does not pollute the environment, which is very beneficial to the protection of the environment and is recognized as an environmentally friendly material.
Under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, PCL can be completely decomposed by microorganisms. PCL has better hydrophobicity, but the degradation rate is slower; at the same time, its synthesis process is simple and the cost is low. PCL has excellent processing properties and can be made into films and other products by ordinary plastic processing equipment. At the same time, PCL and a variety of polymers have good compatibility, such as PE, PP, PVA, ABS, rubber, cellulose and starch, etc., through blending, and copolymerization can obtain materials with excellent performance. In particular, its blending or copolymerization with starch not only maintains its biodegradability but also reduces costs, and is therefore attracting attention.
Polybutylene succinate (PBS) is a typical polyester bio-drop plastic that can be used in packaging, tableware, cosmetic bottles and pharmaceutical bottles, disposable medical supplies, agricultural films, pesticides and fertilizers, and biomedical applications. In the field of polymer materials. PBS uses aliphatic succinic acid and butanediol as the main raw materials. It can meet the demand through petrochemical products, and can also be produced through bio-fermentation through natural renewable crop products such as starch, cellulose and glucose. Natural, return to nature, green recycling production. Moreover, raw materials produced by the bio-fermentation process can also significantly reduce the cost of raw materials, thereby further reducing the cost of PBS.
China's biodegradable plastic products are the most complete
Globally, the most important demand for biodegradable plastics comes from Europe, mainly because European countries have the strongest policy support for the use of fully biodegradable plastics. At present, there are many companies that have announced that they are investing in fully biodegradable plastics, but there are very few companies that can supply large quantities in large quantities. The main manufacturers are BASF, which has a capacity of 140,000 tons and is used in membrane-grade products. Natureworks in North America has a capacity of 140,000 tons of PLA. At the same time, a new capacity of 150,000 tons in Thailand is expected to be put into production in 2015. BASF, but because the industry is still in a monopoly supply, the global market is in short supply, so there is still no competitive pressure for the time being.
China is the only country in the world that can produce all kinds of biodegradable plastic products. The product research of each variety is also in the forefront of the world. In recent years, the capacity expansion has been rapid. In recent years, the annual compound growth rate of biodegradable plastics in China has exceeded 21%. According to statistics, China's major biodegradable plastics production companies include Blonde Technology Co., Ltd., Wuhan Gorgeous Environmental Technology Co., Ltd., Anqing Hexing Chemical Co., Ltd., and Hangzhou Hangzhou Xinfu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. However, at this stage, China's biodegradable plastics market has not yet opened, and the demand is relatively small. The domestic production of biodegradable plastics is used for export, and the domestic sales scale is relatively small. The degradable plastics market continued to strengthen under the stimulation of favorable national policies and continuous application.
National policies and research on biodegradable plastics
According to a research report issued by the US consulting firm Frost & Sullivan, the market demand for biodegradable plastics will grow rapidly in the next few years. It is estimated that by 2020, the global demand for biodegradable plastics will reach 3.22 million tons, and the average annual demand will be The growth rate is over 16%. According to the European Bioplastics Survey, the current global bioplastics capacity accounts for approximately 1% of the total annual plastics production capacity (335 million tons). It is estimated that by 2023, global bioplastics production capacity will increase from 2.11 million tons in 2018 to 2.62 million tons. Both the European Union and the United Kingdom have already funded bioplastic projects.
United States:
The Freedonia Group of the United States released a forecast report that the demand for biodegradable plastics in the United States will increase at an annual rate of 15% in the next few years. Increasingly, rising crude oil prices are also fueling the use of biodegradable plastics from renewable resources such as grains, which are more competitive than petroleum-based conventional resins. The US has proposed that the new Energy and Environment Act is expected to include emissions trading regulations or carbon taxes, which will make people pay more attention to the environment. Biodegradable plastics will be more popular than traditional plastics.
Japan:
In recent years, the Japanese government has vigorously promoted bio-plastics. Plastics with such a difference in appearance and ordinary plastics, which are environmentally friendly, are expected to become one of the ways to solve white pollution. The Japanese government has introduced the Biotechnology Strategic Outline and the Biomass Japan Comprehensive Strategy to promote the use of renewable resources such as bioplastics. It is mentioned that expanding the use of bioplastics is an important issue.
Europe:
The rigorous legislative environment in Western Europe is the main driver of the development of biodegradable plastics in the region, including the recycling and recycling of packaging wastes, the ban on plastic bags, and other laws on waste disposal, advocating the avoidance of landfill disposal of solid waste. In Western Europe, landfill costs are higher than in other parts of Europe and North America due to high landfill costs and taxes. At the same time, composting facilities in Western Europe are relatively developed and public environmental awareness is high, which promotes biodegradability. The development of plastics in the Western European market.
Biodegradable plastics still present a situation of “satisfaction” in China. The main reason is that biodegradable plastic products are more expensive than traditional petroleum-based plastics. They are the Achilles heel of participating in market competition, and they will inevitably be market-oriented. Difficulties. Although the country has already issued the "Bio-industry Development Plan", it is necessary to further strengthen the compulsory driving force in terms of national policies. Obviously, under the current severe situation of energy conservation and emission reduction, the development of biodegradable plastics has important strategic significance. Although there are still many problems in the application of biodegradable plastics, the huge development potential makes it an inevitable trend to resolve environmental protection and development contradictions and achieve sustainable social development.
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